I m p e r I a L g a z e t t ee r o f I n d I a vol. X i I i
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- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- HEXZADA TO WXSHIP
- Henzada Town.
- Herat Province.
- HERAT CITY " 3
- Herat City.
- HILL TLPPERA
- HILL TIPPERA
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Land revenue . . Total revenue . . 4,62 10,76 6,92 '3.57 §>45
'6,24 12,40 25-
2 3 The total revenue for 1903-4 includes Rs. 4,49,000 from capitation tax, Rs. 2,04,000 from fisheries, and Rs. 3,22,000 from excise. The District cess fund is maintained chiefly by a levy of 10 per cent, on the total land revenue, and is administered by the Deputy- Commissioner for the provision of various local needs. The income in 1903-4 was 1-43 lakhs, and the chief items of expenditure were public works (Rs. 42,000) and education (Rs. 27,000). HEXZADA TO WXSHIP There are four municipalities, H enzada
, Z alun , K yangin , and
M yanaung
; and one town under a town committee, L emyethna
. The District Superintendent of police is aided by two Assistant Superintendents in charge of the two subdivisions; and the force comprises 4 inspectors, ro head constables, 33 sergeants, and 30 r con stables. Fifteen village headmen are on the paid staff of the rural police. The District contains 15 police stations and one outpost. The military police has a strength of 3 native officers and 187 rank and file. Of these, 76 are stationed at Henzada, and 39 at Myanaung, the rest being distributed at the different township head-quarters. The District contains two jails, one at Henzada and one at Myanaung. The first has accommodation for 521 prisoners, who work at rice cultivation, brick-making, carpentry, and cane-work. The second is designed to hold 88 prisoners, and its inmates are engaged in garden ing and basket-work. The percentage of literate persons in 1901 was 26 (47-6 males, and 5-4 females). The increase of education in the District since 1880 can be gauged from the number of pupils : (1880-1) 5,446, (1890-1) 6,712, and (1900-1) 14,252. In 1903-4 there were 2 special, 18 secondary, 272 primary, and 502 elementary (private) schools, with 12,979 boys and 2,472 girls. The total expenditure on education was Rs. 65,800, which was met from the following sources : municipal funds (Rs. 13,300), District cess (Rs. 27,000), Provincial funds (Rs. 8,600), and fees (Rs. 16,300). There are 5 hospitals and a dispensary, with accommodation for 68 in-patients. In 1903 the number of cases treated was 52,113, in cluding r,008 in-patients, and 802 operations were performed. The total expenditure was Rs. 19,200, towards which municipal funds con tributed Rs. 14,800, Local funds Rs. 3,600, and subscriptions Rs. 800. Vaccination is compulsory only within municipal limits. In 1903-4 the number of persons successfully vaccinated was 39,772, represent ing 82 per 1,000 of population. [J. Mackenna, Settlement Reports (1901 and 1902) ; I>. Samuelson, History of Embankments, Henzada Division (1889).] Henzada Subdivision.—Southern portion of
Henzada District, Lower Burma, occupying about two-thirds of the whole, and compris ing the
H enzada
, Z alun
, O kpo
, and
L emyethna
townships. Henzada Township. Township in
Henzada District, Lower Burma, lying between i7°24'and 1 7 0 50' N. and 95 0 12'and 95° 33' IS., with an area of 369 square miles. It lies between the Irrawaddy and the Ngawun, and is a level plain, almost entirely protected by em bankments, the Hleseik circle, surrounding the mouth of the latter river, alone being liable to inundation. The population in 1901 was 131,698, compared with 118,839 ’ n 1891. Except in Henzada town, I 1 2 HEXZADA TO WXSHIP there are very few natives of India. The Karens in igoi numbered 16,000, and the majority of the rest of the population is Burman. The density outside municipal limits is high for Burma, being 291 persons per square mile. The township contains 520 villages and one town, H enzada (population, 24,756), the township and District head quarters. The area cultivated in 1903-4 was 221 square miles, pay ing Rs. 3,80,000 land revenue. Henzada Town. —Head-quarters of the District of the same name in Lower Burma, situated in 17 0 39' N. and 95 0 30' E., on the western bank of the Irrawaddy, 9 miles below the bifurcation of the Bassein river, and 110 miles by rail from Rangoon. Henzada is said to have been founded early in the sixteenth century; but, although it has been an important town for a long time, its history is uneventful. The population has increased steadily during the last thirty years, the total in 1901 being 24,756, of whom 21,530 were Buddhists, 2,145 Hindus, and 742 Musalmans. The Hindus have largely increased during the past decade, but the Musalmans show a falling off. The town is agree ably situated, is well shaded by fine trees, and contains a large court house, a jail, an extensive bazar near the steamer ghat, a hospital and other public buildings, all at no great distance from the river bank. Henzada is a trade centre of some importance. Till recently its commerce has been wholly river-borne, but the new Rangoon-Bassein railway which passes through the town will probably alter the route of a good deal of the trade. It is the terminus of the western (Henzada- Bassein) section of the railway, and the Henzada station is connected by a steam ferry with Tharrawaw, the terminus of the eastern section on the farther side of the Irrawaddy. Two rice-mills and one saw-mill of recent construction are worked in the town, and milled rice is sent to Upper Burma by boat and to Rangoon by both rail and boat. This is the only export of importance. The town was constituted a munici pality in 1874. The municipal income and expenditure during the ten years ending 1901 averaged Rs. 72,000 and Rs. 70,000 respectively. In 1903-4 the totals were 1-2 lakhs and i-i lakhs. The principal sources of income in the last-named year were the house tax (Rs. 14,000), market dues (Rs. 46,000), and the conservancy tax (Rs. 8,000); and the principal items of expenditure were conservancy (Rs. 15,500), roads (Rs. 34,000), and hospital (Rs. 11,000). A municipal Anglo-vernacular school has 180 pupils, and other teaching institutions are managed by missionary bodies and others. The educational expenditure of the municipality in 1903-4 was Rs. 7,000. The municipal hospital has accommodation for 28 in-patients. Herat Province. —Western province of Afghanistan, bounded on the north by Russian territory; on the west by Persia ; on the south by the province of Kandahar; on the east by Afghan-Turkistan and by HERAT CITY " 3 the province of Kabul, from which it is divided by the watershed between the Farrah Rud and Helmand basins. The province is drained by the Murghab, the Hari Rud, the Adraskan, and the upper affluents of the Farrah Rud. On the east lie the Hazara mountains, on the west the Khorasan deserts. On the south the country is open; and the great trade routes from Kandahar to Seistan lead through the broad space between the Taimani hills and the Persian deserts. The most populous and fertile part of the province is that comprised in the districts of Herat, Ghorian, Obeh, and Karokh. North of this fertile tract is the Siah Bubak range, known to the Greeks as the
a prolongation of the middle branch of the Koh-i-Baba. North of Herat city, and east, the hills are of some height, the peaks rising to 4,000 or 5,000 feet above the valley. North again of the Siah Bubak is the district of Badghis, for the most part an expanse of rolling downs, becoming more mountainous towards the east. East of the Herat valley and Badghis is a wild mountainous country, inhabited by Flroz Kohis and Taimanis, with a few Hazaras. This is a region of barren, rugged mountains, whose peaks rise to 10,000 and 12,000 feet. Here are the three branches of the Koh-i-Baba, the northern known as the Band-i-Turkistan; the central as the Siah Bubak or Koh Siah
and
the southern as the Band-i-Baian or Safed Koh. Between the two first is the country of the Flroz Kohis; between the two last is the Hari Rud valley, which is also occupied in the upper part by Firoz Kohis
; and south of the Band-i-Baian is the Taimani country. South of Herat city lies the open country of the Sabzaw r ar district. The province is divided into the following administrative divisions, the sub-governors of which are subordinate to the governor of Herat: the city of Herat, w r ith the Nan Bulak ; Ghorian ; Sabzawar; Karrukh ; Obeh ; Subah-i-Sarhaddi, including all the minor districts north of the Koh Siah; Chakcharan ; Shaharak; and Ghorat. The population of the whole province has been estimated at about half a million. The great majority are Heratis, i. e. Persian-speaking people of Iranian origin ; but large numbers of Afghans (Durranis, Ghilzais, and Kakars) have during the last twenty years been settled on the northern frontier. Chahar Aimak is a collective name given to the Jamshedls, Flroz Kohis, Taimuris, and Taimanis. They number about 180,000. The Jamshedis and Firoz Kohis are of Persian origin. The Taimanis are also in the main of Persian stock, differing from the others in that they have a strong section, to which the chief belongs, of Afghan-Kakar descent. The Kila Nao Hazaras are descended from fragments of various Hazara clans removed to their present lands by Nadir Shah. All are semi-nomadic in habit, and all speak dialects of Persian. H krat C ity
. Herat City. —Capital of the province of the same name in Afghan- V OL. XIII. 1 i i 4 HERAT CIT\ istan, situated in 34 0
N. and 62° 9' E., in a fertile and well-watered valley, about 3 miles from the right bank of the Hari Rud, 407 miles from Kandahar via Farrah and Sabzawar, and 469 from Kabul; 3,026 feet above the sea. The plain surrounding the city is closely studded with villages, especially on the south, east, and west. These villages are, as a rule, large and straggling, with walled gardens and orchards. The fortifications and ditch are kept in excellent order, and a strong Afghan force is always maintained within the walls. The city, nearly square in plan, has five gates, two on the north face, and one on each of the others. There are four bazars meeting under a domed structure, called the Charsu, at the cross-roads in the centre of the city. Near the Charsu the shops are apparently rich and flourishing ; but the farther away from it, the more squalid and poor they become. Beyond the four main thoroughfares of bazars, there are no roads properly so called. The interior of the city is a crowded mass of small domed hovels, built of mud or sun-dried bricks, and intersected by narrow alleys, many of them arched over. The only pieces of open ground in the city, and these of small dimensions, are the space around the governor’s house, the gun park, the barracks, and an open square near one of the gates on the north face. The principal buildings are the Jama Masjid and the Ark-i-Nao, or ‘ new citadel.’ The latter is of comparatively recent construction ; the former was built at the end of the fifteenth century in the reign of Shah Husain. Originally a splendid edifice, 465 feet by 275, and adorned with gilding, carving, mosaics, &c., it is now much out of repair. The total population of Herat, exclusive of the garrison, is probably between 10,000 and 14,000. There are said to be over 1,300 shops in the city, representing 53 different trades and occupations, and giving employment to 3,500 persons. It is an important centre for the trade of the outlying districts. The principal exports are wool, silk, pistachios, opium, asafoetida, sheepskins, and astrachans; the principal British imports are indigo, tea, sugar, cotton cloth, muslin, drugs, and porcelain goods. Of recent years, Russian goods—chintzes, silk and cotton cloth, certain kinds of broadcloth, hardware, and sugar —have commenced to obtain a footing in the Herat market. Herat, the foundation of which, as Alexandria Arion, is ascribed to Alexander the Great, is not only the capital of a province, but has a strategical value and historical reputation which have given to its possession a moral influence out of all proportion to its present importance whether as a city or as a fortress. It enjoys the pre eminence of having stood more sieges, and having been depopulated and destroyed more often, than almost any other city in Central Asia. It has invariably risen from its ruins, if not always with renewed splendour, at all events with a vigour that is without parallel. After HERAT CITY Alexander’s death Herat passed successively under the domination of the Seleucids, the Parthians, and the Sassanids; and on the extinc tion of their empire it was captured (661) by the Arabs, under whom it became one of the great cities of the Muhammadan world. After the break-up of the Khalifat it fell in turn to the Persian dynasties of the Saffarids and Samanids, to the Ghaznivids and to the house of Ghor, and to the Khwarizm Shahs. Then came the Mongol conquest, after which the Karts, an offshoot of the Ghorids, estab lished a local dynasty (1245-1389) which was overthrown by Timur Lang. From his descendants it passed to the Safavid kings of Persia, and on their decline was for a short time held by the Durranis. Regained for Persia by Nadir Shah in 1730, it was added in 1751 to the Durrani kingdom of Ahmad Shah, and on the dissolution of that kingdom became an independent principality under his great-grandson Kamran. In 1823, while Kamran was in power, the Persians attacked Herat and were defeated. In 1837 they renewed the attack with 35,000 men ; but after a siege which lasted for ten months, and which was only unsuccessful owing to the splendid services of Lieutenant Eldred Pottinger, who had arrived from Kabul just before it com menced, they were compelled to retire, on the appearance of Colonel Stoddart with power to threaten the Shah with the hostile intervention of Great Britain. After the retirement of the Persian army, the British Government proclaimed the independence of Herat under Shah Kamran, and a treaty was concluded with the latter in 1839 whereby his
independence was
guaranteed. Shah
Kamran’s all-powerful Wazir, Yar Muhammad Khan, objected to concede the terms which the British demanded in return for the guarantee, and commenced to intrigue with Persia. Early in 1842 he murdered his master and usurped the government. Under his vigorous rule Herat began to prosper, but he died in 1851 and was succeeded by a son who proved to be imbecile and profligate. The latter was ousted soon afterwards by Muhammad Yusuf Khan Sadozai, his cousin. Early in 1856 the Shah of Persia again sent an army to Herat; but though Muhammad Yusuf Khan was Persian at heart, the people expelled the Persian advance guard and hoisted British colours. Muhammad Yusuf was sent to the Persian camp, the people rallying round Isa Khan, who wrote to the Amir Dost Muhammad, declaring himself a servant of the Kabul government and inviting the Amir to march on Herat. He was, however, unable to hold out, and in October Herat surrendered to the Persians. At the close of the war between Great Britain and Persia in March, 1857, the Shah withdrew his forces from Herat, having first installed Sultan Ahmad Khan as ruler of the province. In 1861 a quarrel arose between Sultan Ahmad and Amir Dost Muhammad; the latter advanced on Herat in the following
HERAT CITY year ; and after a siege of ten months, during which Sultan Ahmad died, the fort fell into his hands. Since then Herat has remained subject to the Amirs of Afghanistan. Hijill Tidal
Canal.—Navigable canal
in Midnapore District, Bengal, with a length of 29 miles, extending from Geonkhali at the junction of the Rupnarayan and Hooghly rivers to the Rasulpur river, whence the O rissa
C oast
C anal
forms a continuation to the south west. It is divided into two ranges by the Haldl river, and was commenced in 1868 and completed in 1873. The estimated value of the goods carried in 1902-3 was 39-2 lakhs, and the net revenue was Rs. 5,000, representing a return of 0-2 per cent, on the capital expenditure. In 1903-4 the total receipts amounted to Rs. 42,000 and there was a net revenue of Rs. 17,000; while the capital account stood at 26-15 lakhs on March 31, 1904. Hijill Village.—Name of an old village in Midnapore District, Bengal, situated at the mouth of the Rasulpur river. The site has long since been washed away. HijilT was formerly the centre of an extensive salt manufacture, and the Muhammadans had a fort here. A mosque was built by Masnad All Shah, who held the neighbour ing district from 1505 to 1546, and whose tomb is still visited by pilgrims. In 1687, after the skirmish at Hooghly, Job Charnock occupied Hijill 011 behalf of the East India Company and was besieged there for four months by a strong Mughal force. Eventually the Muhammadans raised the siege, whereupon Charnock evacuated the place and shortly afterwards laid the foundation of Calcutta. The name of Hijill was also given to a littoral tract of 1,014 square miles, extending along the right bank of the Hooghly river from the confluence of the Rupnarayan to that of the Subarnarekha, and lying between 21 0 47'and 2i°53' N. and 87° 53' and 87° 59' E.; it contained among others the two large parganas of Tamluk and Mahishadal, and, under Muhammadan rule, constituted a separate administration. In 1836 it was included in Midnapore District, with the exception of a small tract in the south which was added to the adjoining District of Balasore. Salt manufacture was discontinued about forty years ago owing to the competition of cheaper Liver pool salt. [For an account of the siege of HijilT, see C. R. Wilson,
(1895), pp. 103-11.] Hilli.—Village in Bogra District, Eastern Bengal and Assam, situ ated in 25 0 17' N. and 89° i' E., on the old Jamuna river and on the northern section of the Eastern Bengal State Railway. Population (1901), 1,047. ^ a l
ar g e rice and jute mart, goods being transported by both river and railway. Hill Tippera
).—Native State in Eastern Bengal and HILL TLPPERA 1 1 7
Assam, lying between 22 0 56' and 24°32 / N. and 91 0 10' and 92 0 22' E., with an area of 4,oS6 square miles. It is bounded on the north by the District of Sylhet; on the west by Tippera District and Noa- khali; on the south by Noakhali, Chittagong, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts ; and on the east by the Lushai Hills and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. The lie of the country is similar to that of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Six principal ranges of hills, increasing in height towards the east, run north and south, with an average interval of # 12 miles. The hills are clothed for the most part Aspects 1
with bamboo jungle, while the low ground is well timbered and covered with cane-brakes and thatching-grass. Along the north-western and southern boundaries of the State lies a narrow strip of low land, differing in no material respect as regards soil, agri culture, and population from the adjoining portions of Sylhet, Tippera, Noakhali, and Chittagong Districts. Along the Avestern border, for some miles to the north and south of the capital, the country may be described as broken ground, consisting of hillocks alternating with marshy valleys. These hillocks are utilized as sites for homesteads, and the valleys have been converted into rice-fields. The principal hill ranges, beginning from the east, are the Jampai (highest points, Betling Sib, 3,200 feet, and Jampai, i,S6o feet), Sakhantlang (highest point, Sakhan, 2,578 feet\ Langtarai (highest point, PhengpuT, 1,581 feet), and Atharamura (highest points, Jarimura, 1,500 feet, and Atharamura, 1,431 feet). These hills form a watershed from which the drainage pours down north by the Khowai, Dolai, Manu, Jfiri, and Langai, west into the Meghna by the Gumti, and south-west into the Bay of Bengal by the Fenny and Muhari. All of these rivers are navigable by boats of 4 tons burden during the rains, and by boats of 2 tons burden in the dry season. The Muhari, with its tributary the Selonia, and the Fenny are tidal ’rivers. Near the source of the Gumti is a waterfall, known as the Dumbura fall; the scenery in its neighbourhood is exceedingly picturesque. So far as is known, the rock formation is Upper Tertiary ; the plains are covered by recent alluvial deposits. The hills are clothed, in the south, with a forest very similar in appearance and composition to that of Chittagong; and Laurineae ,
,
, and
Leguminosac are well represented. The north is drier and densely covered by bamboo jungle. The thick forests which clothe the hills shelter wild elephants, rhinoceros, tigers, and bears ; pythons are common and are eaten by the Lushais. The climate is healthy and the temperature moderate. The annual rainfall averages 76 inches, of which 5 inches fall in April, 11 in May, 15 in June, 12 in July, 11 in August, and 10 in September. The HILL TIPPERA earthquake of 1897 destroyed many buildings and shrines in Agartala, and raised the beds of several rivers, notably of the Manu. The origin of the name Tripura is uncertain. A mythical account of the ancient history of the State is contained in the
or
^ Chronicles of the Kings, which was commenced in ’ the fifteenth century
it was written in Bengali verse by Brahman
attached to the court. The Raja claims descent from Druhyu, son of Yayati, of the Lunar race. The chief points of interest contained in these chronicles are that the State was ever at feud with its neighbours, and that Siva worship took early root and was associated with the practice of human sacrifice. The ancient kingdom of Tippera at various times extended its rule from the Sundarbans in the west to Burma in the east, and northwards as far as Kamrup. The State was first overrun by the Muhammadans under Tughril in 1279, and was again invaded by Ilyas Shah in the middle of the fourteenth century, and by Nawab Fateh Jang in 1620. The plains portion (the present District of Tippera) was not, however, annexed to the Mughal empire until 1733. Hill Tippera proper was never assessed to revenue and remained outside the sphere of Muhammadan administration, although influence was usually exercised in the appointment of the Rajas. The military prestige of the Tippera Rajas was at its height during the sixteenth century, when Bijoy Manikhya defeated the Muhammadan troops who defended Chittagong, and occupied parts of Sylhet and Noakhali. After the East India Company obtained the diivdm of Bengal in 1765 they placed a Raja on the throne, and since 1808 each successive ruler has received investiture from the Government. In 1838 it was held by the Deputy-Governor of Bengal that, owing to his unchallenged possession from at least 1793, the Raja had obtained a prescriptive right to the territory within the hills. Between 1826 and 1862 the eastern portion of the State was constantly disturbed by Kuki raids, in which villages were burned and plundered, and the peaceful inhabi tants massacred. An account of the action taken by the British Government to put an end to these raids will be found in the article on the
L ushai
H ills
.* The present chief is Raja Radha Kishore Deb Barman Manikhya, who was invested in 1897. The title of Manikhya, which is still borne by the Rajas, was bestowed first on Raja Ratnapha, by the king of Gaur, about 1279. The Raja receives a salute of 13 guns. Both as regards its constitution and its relations with the British Government, the State of Hill Tippera differs alike from the large Native States of India, and from those which are classed as tributary. Besides being the ruler of Hill Tippera, the Raja also holds a large landed property called C hakla
R oshnabad
, situated in POPULATION 1 1 9
the plains of the Districts of Tippera, Noakhali, and Sylhet. This estate covers an area of 570 square miles, and is the most valuable portion of the Raja’s possessions; it yields a larger revenue than the whole of Hill Tippera, and it is held to form with the State an indivisible Raj. Disputes as to the right of succession have occurred on the occasion of almost every vacancy in the Raj, producing in times gone by disturbances and domestic wars, and exposing the inhabitants of the hills to serious disorders and attacks from the Kukis, who were always called in as auxiliaries by one or other of the contending parties. The principles which govern succession to the State have recently, however, been embodied in a
which was drawn up in 1904. This lays down that the chiefship is hereditary in the Deb Barman family, and that the chief may nominate any male member of his family descended through males from him or any of his male ancestors to be his Jubraj or successor. Should the ruling chief die without nominating his successor, his nearest male descendant through males according to the rule of lineal primogeniture is to succeed to the chiefship, and failing such descendant, his nearest male heir de scended from any male ancestor of his. Finally, every succession to the chiefship requires as heretofore the recognition of the Government of India. In 1871 an English officer was first appointed as Political Agent to protect British interests and to advise the Raja. In 1878 his post was abolished, and the Magistrate of the adjoining District of Tippera was appointed ex-officio Political Agent of Hill Tippera, a Bengali deputy- magistrate being stationed at Agartala as Assistant Political Agent; ultimately, in 1890 this latter post was abolished. The population in 1901 was 173,325, which gives a density of 42 persons to the square mile; the hills can support only a scanty population. The people live in one town, A gartala , „ , . Download 5.53 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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