I (Meaning and importance of Exports) Unit Structure

3.11 SUMMARY 
Free and fair international trade is an ideal situation as free 
trade is beneficial to all participating countries. The trade barriers 
can be broadly divided into two broad groups.
1. Tariff Barriers.
2. Non-Tariff barriers. 
Tariffs refer to a customs duty or a tax on products that 
move across borders. Tariff Barriers includes Specific duty, Ad-
valorem duties, Sliding scale duty, Countervailing duty, Revenue 
tariff, Anti-dumping duty, Protective tariff, Single column tariff, 
Double column tariff, Triple column tariff etc. 
A non-tariff barrier is any barrier other than a tariff that raises 
an obstacle to free flow of goods in overseas markets. Some of the 
important non-tariff barriers are Quota System, Prior
..
Import 
Deposit, Foreign Exchange Regulation, Consular Formalities and 
Export Obligation etc are the main non-tariff barriers. 
The world trade organization (WTO) started functioning from 
1
st 
January 1995. WTO is the result of Uruguay Round of 
negotiations. Administration of agreement, Implementation of 

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reduction of trade barriers, 
Examination of Members‟ Trade 
Policies, Collection of foreign trade information, Settlement of 
disputes, Consultancy services, Forum for negotiation, Assistance 
of IMF and IBRD etc are the main functions of WTO. 
3.12 QUESTIONS FOR SELF-ASSESSMENT
1. What is international marketing & explain the importance of 
international marketing? 
2. Discuss the various tariff barriers on international trade? 
3. What are the various non-tariff barriers on international trade? 
4. Evaluate briefly the various trade barriers?
5. Explain the features of international marketing?
6. What are the main objective and functions of WTO? Discuss? 
7. Explain the implication of WTO on international marketing with 
reference to its major agreements? 
8. Discuss the positive and negative impact of WTO and 
developing nations? 
9. Define the terms within 30 words:
a. International Marketing 
b. Specific Duty 
c. Ad- Valorem Duty 
d. Compound Duty 
e. Countervailing Duty 
f. Protective Duty 
g. Quota System 
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