Topic 8: Cities and infrastructure
About Topic 8
The
cities and infrastructure topic includes the organisation of urban transport,
communications and housing, trends in city life, social problems associated with cities such as
overcrowding and petty crime, the growth of cities, possible future developments in city living, and
comparisons of urban and rural lifestyles.
This topic is often used for Task 2 Ideas>problem/solution and Ideas>cause/effect type
essays. There is also sometimes a connection to Topic
9 Countryside and agriculture, so you may
need to combine vocabulary from the two topics.
Topic 8 example Task
Transport delays and long journey times are a widespread phenomenon in many cities
today. What are the causes of this problem, and how could the situation be improved?
Explanation of the Task
This is an Ideas>Mixed>Causes/solutions type essay. It does not ask for your opinion, but
wants you to suggest some ideas about the causes of a problem situation and also some possible
solutions. You should introduce the topic, describe two or three causes, then two or three solutions,
and then summarise.
Task 2 sometimes mixes Cause/effect and Problem/solution Tasks in this way. You should
read the Task very carefully to see if it is a ‘mixed’ type. The word ‘problem’ does not
necessarily
mean it is a Problem/solution Task!
Band 9 model essay
Transport is an essential part of
urban life, and lengthy journeys are frustrating and expensive
for those concerned. There appear to be two main causes of this, and several possible solutions, as
we will explain here.
Perhaps the main cause is the lack of
investment or funding for infrastructure in the form of
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