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Personality tests. Personality tests may measure a variety of characteristics, such as an applicant's skill in dealing with other people, ambition and motivation, or emotional stability. Examples include the 16PF, the MyersBriggs Type Indicator™ and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). The validity of such tests has been much debated, but it seems that some have been shown by research to be valid predictors of job performance, so long as they are used properly.

41. 
    Mintzberg (the manager's role)
    

Role category	Role	Comment
Interpersonal Based on manager's formal authority or position	Figurehead (or ceremonial)	A large part of a Chief Executive's time is spent representing the company at dinners, conferences, and so on.
	Leader	Hiring, firing and training staff, motivating employees, and reconciling individual goals with the objectives of the organisation.
	Liaison	Making contacts outside the vertical chain of command. Some managers spend up to half their meeting time with their peers rather than with their subordinates.
Informational Based on managers' access to:  Upward and downward channels  Many external contacts	Monitor	The manager monitors the environment, and receives information from subordinates, superiors and peers in other departments. Much of this information is of an informal nature, derived from the manager's network of contacts.
	Spokesperson	The manager provides information on behalf of the unit and/or organisation to interested parties.
	Disseminator	The manager disseminates relevant information to subordinates.
Decisional Based on the manager's formal authority and access to information, which allow him to take decisions relating to the work of the department as a whole.	Entrepreneur	A manager initiates projects to improve the department or to help it react to a changed environment.