(a) Strategic management (carried out by senior management) is concerned with direction setting, policy making and crisis handling. It therefore suits a power culture.
(b) Tactical management (carried out by middle management) is concerned with establishing means to the corporate ends, mobilizing resources and innovating (finding new ways of achieving goals). It therefore suits a task culture.
(c) Operational management (carried out by supervisors and operatives) is concerned with routine activities to carry out tactical plans. It therefore suits a role culture.
ACCA member
Question will be like this:
121. If an ACCA member fails to comply with the fundamental principles of the IFAC (IESBA) Code of Ethics, which of the following bodies should take action against him/her ?
(1) IFAC (IESBA)
(2) ACCA
Ethical proposition/unethical business practice (question type will be “YES or NO”)
Question will be like this:
41. A co-operative organization has recently a policy document guiding its employees as to acceptable behaviours and priorities. In this document it is stated that resources should be procured only from source where decent wages have been paid to the workers`. Is this policy document reflective of the following codes?
Yes No
Corporate social responsibility
Ethics
Artefact Espoused value Basic assumption value (Schein)
Schein further commented that it if leaders are to lead, it is essential that they understand the culture of the organization. In order to try and define culture, Schein described three levels:
Artefacts – these are the aspects of culture that can be easily seen, e.g. the way that people dress.
Espoused values – these are the strategies and goals of an organization, including company slogans etc.
Basic assumptions and values – these are difficult to identify as they are unseen, and exist mainly at the unconscious level.
The first level. The observable, expressed or 'explicit' elements of culture
Behaviour: norms of personal and interpersonal behaviour; customs and rules about behaviour that is acceptable or unacceptable.
Artefacts: concrete expressions such as architecture and interior design (eg of office premises), dress codes and symbols.
Attitudes: patterns of collective behaviour such as greeting styles, business formalities, social courtesies and ceremonies
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