In class quiz, 25 minutes

In class quiz, 25 minutes

• In class quiz, 25 minutes

• A list of 25 names and terms will be circulated a week in advance

• The quiz will contain 10 names and terms

• The task is to correctly identify and explain the significance of 5 names and terms, in relation to key issues in the course

Use the glossary in Egger (p. 319)

• Use the glossary in Egger (p. 319)

• Use the index both in Egger and Following Muhammad

• Write down notes in the margin of the book after you look things up, or take notes on your computer.

• Think about names and terms in relation to key issues in the course

Recap of first four Caliphs

• Recap of first four Caliphs

• Abu Bakr, 632-634
• `Umar, 634-644
• `Uthman, 644-656
• `Ali, 656-661

• Tensions created by favoritism of `Uthman toward Meccan elites (nepotism), leading to his assassination

• Resentment of those who favored `Ali

“him for whom I am the master, so this Ali is his master”

• “him for whom I am the master, so this Ali is his master”

• “master” can also mean “client,” “ally,” etc.

• Was `Ali named as Muhammad’s successor?

`Ali’s popularity among opponents of `Uthman

• `Ali’s popularity among opponents of `Uthman

• Cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet, married to Prophet’s daughter Fatima, father of Prophet’s grandsons, Hasan and Husayn

• Seen as champion of outsiders including non-Arabs

`Ali battles opponents near Kufa (Battle of Camel, then is challenged by Mu`awiya and submits to arbitration

• `Ali battles opponents near Kufa (Battle of Camel, then is challenged by Mu`awiya and submits to arbitration

• Shi`a = “faction, party” [of `Ali, or whoever]
• Shi`i (Shi’ite) = “partisan, supporter” [of Ali]
• Kharijites (“seceders”), one-time supporters of `Ali who reject him when he agrees to arbitration
• Kharijite movement becomes extremist; sinners [everyone else!] should be killed

`Ali’s death “a profound shock to his followers”

• `Ali’s death “a profound shock to his followers”

• Mu`awiya establishes Umayyad dynasty, which is criticized for immorality

• Hasan gives up claim on caliphate

• Husayn raises revolt, massacred in Karbala (680) by army of Yazid (son of Mu`awiya)

• Kufans failed to support him, suffered deep guilt , origin of lamentation rituals

Other revolts against Umayyads

• Other revolts against Umayyads

• Ibn Zubayr in Mecca (682-692)
• Mukhtar revolts in name of `Ali’s son, Ibn al-Hanafiyya, claimed to be Mahdi (messiah)
• Doctrine of Jesus as Mahdi
• After death in 700, Ibn al-Hanafiyya said to be “in concealment”
• Should Imam-Caliph be related to `Ali (be an Alid), or more generally to the Prophet? Descendents of Prophet’s uncle `Abbas = Abbasids

Abbasids claim succession to Ibn al-Hanafiyya as spiritual heirs

• Abbasids claim succession to Ibn al-Hanafiyya as spiritual heirs

• Pretend to postpone the decision on caliph until after overthrow of Umayyads\

• Abu Muslim organizes propaganda in Iran, “black banners” unfurled

• Umayyads overthrown in 750 with great slaughter, `Abbasids claim caliphate, to great disappointment of Alids

Ghulat (“extremists”) and Zaydis

• Ghulat (“extremists”) and Zaydis

• Husayni Alids: descendents of Ali via Husayn become respected figures or Imams (Muhammad al-Baqir, Ja`far al-Sadiq)

• Development of doctrine of Imam: designation of successor, extraordinary spiritual knowledge, renouncing politics

• Crisis of succession after Ja`far when his son Isma`il predeceases him

Dissimulation of religious identity permissible under threat

• Dissimulation of religious identity permissible under threat

• Death of the 11th Imam (Hasan al-`Askari, 874), doctrine of 12th (“hidden”) Imam

• Represented by deputies during Lesser Concealment (874-941)

• After 941, Greater Concealment, 12th Imam expected to return as Mahdi

• Dominant religion in Iran, Iraq

Broke away from Imamis after Isma`il died

• Broke away from Imamis after Isma`il died

• Preoccupation with esoteric knowledge

• Imam believed to be concealed

• Missionaries find Berbers receptive, establish Fatimid caliphate in North Africa (910), `Abd Allah recognized as Imam-Caliph and Mahdi (compare to Dune)

• Shi`is as “embattled minorities”

Claim to follow sunna or example of Prophet, accept political authority

• Claim to follow sunna or example of Prophet, accept political authority

• Texts are authorities, not Imams

• Ritual practice: proclamation of faith, ritual prayer, alms giving, fasting, pilgrimage

• Tension between Shi`i emphasis on charismatic leaders and Sunni acceptance of tradition