In this unit you will learn how to
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Exercise 4. Discuss the following questions with your partner.
1. Have you ever seen the person who has a phobia? 2. Can you tell the symptoms of phobia? 3. What would you do if you have one of the type of phobia? Listening practice Exercise 5. Listen carefully and fill in the gaps. Fear Page 9 Phobias are interesting things. Some of them are very serious and can have a really negative 1)___________ on life. The most common phobias are the fear of 2)________________ and closed spaces and the fear of heights and flying. Doctors say all phobias are 3)___________. Phobias are irrational fears of something. There is no logical reason why someone is afraid of going outside or flying. It’s all inside the sufferer’s head. I understand some phobias like the fear of flying, but not others. Some people are afraid of babies, or computers, and even of 4)______________ sticking to the 5)_________ of your mouth. That phobia has a really long Latin name. I wonder if there’s a phobia about the English language. Perhaps that’s 6)________________. Grammar focus Grammar focus Negative Questions Isn’t it a lovely place! Wouldn’t it be nice to come here more often? Negative questions are formed with not but there is a difference in the word order between the full form and the short form. Full form: auxiliary+subject+not+verb e.g. Do you not like their new house? Short form: auxiliary+not+subject+verb e.g. Don’t you like their new house? We use negative questions in speech a) to ask for confirmation e.g. Didn’t Kim come back yesterday? and b) to express: surprise. e.g. Don’t you know how to boil an egg? admiration. e.g. Isn’t he a great cook! annoyance. e.g. Can’t you be quiet for one minute! Exercise 6. Write the short form of the following negative questions. 1 Can they not decide where to go on holiday? _____________________________________ 2 Did Claire not invite you to her party? _____________________________________ 3 Do you not enjoy watching horror films? _____________________________________ 4 Have you not finished your homework yet? _____________________________________ 5 Can she not go to town on her own? _____________________________________ 6 Does he not know where we live? _____________________________________ 7 Has Sue not done the shopping for you? _____________________________________ 8 Did he not give you any details? _____________________________________ Fear Page 10 Writing skill Writing practice Exercise 7. Imagine that you have one type of phobias. It composes difficulties communicating with people. What would you do in that case? Writing skill ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Fear Page 11 speaking skill Lesson 3. The history of Phobias Speaking practice Exercise 1. Discuss these questions in a group. 1. If you were scared of heights, what would be a) pointless and b) useful to do? 2. What is something that is a) harmful to your health and b)stressful? 3. When was the last time you felt a) helpless and b) successful? Vocabulary preview Stress home fear harm wonder point success help Exercise 2. Match the root word and correct suffix -ful or -less to complete these sentences from Phobias. 1. If it’s ________________ to be here, I’m so happy you invited me. 2. A phobia is more than merely being ________________ of something. 3. You probably fear a snake because it may be __________ to you. 4. You feel _______________ because a phobia impairs you. 5. Speaking in front of others is _______________ for many of us. 6. After a lot of hard work, he was ______________ in finally beating his fear of flying. 7. Her friends tried to reason with her but it was ________________. She wouldn’t listen. 8. After he lost his job he worried that he would become __________. Fear Page 12 reading skill Reading comprehension The history of Phobias Phobias are actually rich, varied, and complex. We know that people have had phobias for thousands of years. But it’s only been recently that we’ve known much about those fears—or even known enough to call them by the term phobias. The first written reference to phobic problems that we have is in the works of the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (470-410 B.C.E.). Hippocrates wrote about the many ailments and problems of his patients, and we can still read many of his volumes of observations today. In one his works (called The Seventh Book of Epidemics), Hippocrates described a condition in a man named Nicanor. But Hippocrates didn’t actually come up with the term phobia. That word wasn’t used until nearly 500 years later, when a Roman doctor, Celsus, used the word hydrophobia (literally, water fear) to describe someone who seemed to have a horror of water due to rabies. (People with advanced rabies may have tremendous thirst but be unable to drink and averse to water.) Phobos was the son of Aries, the Greek god of war. The story goes that Phobos was a frightening and formidable guy—so much so that warriors would paint his picture on their shields to give their enemies a real fright and to get them to run away in terror. So a phobic reaction resembles someone terrified of something The first relatively modern use of the word phobia wasn’t until 1786, when (according to the Oxford English Dictionary) an unknown writer in the Columbian Magazine defined the word as meaning “A fear of an imaginary evil, or an undue fear of a real one.” In our modern era, accustomed as we are to knowing the psychological facts about ourselves and others (for example, are you an introvert or an extrovert? you probably have an opinion about the subject!), it may surprise you to know that just over a hundred years ago, there were no clear, tidy categories for psychological problems. So your phobia might have been ignored or misunderstood as some vague kind of craziness, but nobody would have been able to tell you much about it. In 1895 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), a Viennese neurologist who founded the science of psychoanalysis, noticed that while some things squick (gross out) most people at least a little (such as snakes, death, or getting sick), other things only bother a few people (such as fear of leaving the house). In the 1960s, it was observed that phobias basically divide themselves into three rather different kinds or categories: agoraphobia, social phobia, and specific phobias. That set the stage for the phobia classifications that we still use today. As you’ll see phobias make a great deal of sense from the perspective of survival. In fact, it may be that the same things that create phobias also ensured that our species survived long enough so that you could be reading this!
TRUE if the sentence agrees with the information FALSE if the sentences contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 1. People have had phobias recently. 2. The first work to phobic problem is the story of Phobos 3. Hippocrate describe a condition in his work through a man named Celsus. 4. Phobos was the son of Aries, the Greekv god of water. 5. In 1960s, phobias were divided into three different kinds of categories: agorophobia, social phobia and specific phobia. 6. These classifications which were received are used widely by phychologists. Listening practice Exercise 4. Listen attentively and correct the spelling. Xenophobia is a ntrgears word. For a start, it starts with an “X” but the first sound is “Z”. It is also looks strange. But it is a very uoiseesr word. There is too much xenophobia in the world today. There is no need for people to fear irengferso. We are all pertyt much the same. The world is getting smaller, so we need to learn to live with our rngbihsoe. I can understand why people were xenophobic. Most countries had a long history of hignigtf wars against their neighbors, so it was ybpbrlao natural that people didn’t like them. Today, evrewoh , it seems crazy that you would not like your neighbor, or people on the other side of the world. I hope that within another otrageeginn, xenophobia will be a otnrtfgeo word. Fear Page 14 Grammar focus Grammar focus Wh-question There are two main types of questions: Yes/No questions and WH- question. WH-questions are questions starting with WH-words including: what, when, where, who, whom, which, whose, why and how. Question words are used to ask about specific qualities, times, places, people and so on. Below is a list of question words and example sentences: I. How to form WH-questions? 1. with an auxiliary Wh-word + auxiliary + subject + main verb …? Auxiliary verbs are helping verbs (not main verbs). Common auxiliary verbs include be, do, have. Others are will, shall, would, can, could, must, should, may, might, etc. What do you do for a living? Why should we read books? When is she coming? 2. Without any auxiliary (when WH-words replace subjects already) Wh-word + main verb …? What happened to Peter? A bad accident happened to him today. Who won the game? Tio won the game. Who gave you this present? 
Page 15 Fear Writing skill Writing practice Exercise 6. Choose one of the above discussion questions given in speaking part. Write an opinion essay. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Fear Page 16 speaking skill Lesson 4. Superhuman powers Speaking practice Exercise 1. Find people who have done these things. Then ask the person for additional information. Take notes.
Vocabulary preview Exercise 2. Complete these sentences with the present perfect form of the verbs. 1. I _________(talk) to a doctor about my fear of heights. 2. Paul _________(not admit) to anyone that he’s afraid of driving. 3. Tina __________(give) that speech three times. 4. We ___________(never feel) comfortable in small, closed spaces . 5. I _______________(not meet) anyone with a fear of flying. Have you? 6. Jun _____________(get) stuck in an elevator three times! Fear Page 17 Writing skill Reading comprehension SUPERHUMAN POWERS Most people associate fear with negative feelings, but it can actually be very positive as well. Fear is something innate that we actually rely on to keeps us safe when faced with danger. If we are confronted with a dangerous situation, we can unlock abilities that we often do not know we have. Understanding these secret superpowers can help you react to difficult situation in a better way. In the past, human faced danger on a daily basis so they learned to respond to it instantly in order to stay alive. Today the brain still reacts in the same way and makes you respond to a situation so quickly that you do it before you are aware of the situation. How you respond depends on the situation. If the danger is immediate, a person might run or fight. If it is far away, the reaction might be to freeze. Our response not only becomes faster when we are faced with danger, but we also benefit from fear by becoming stronger in dangerous situations. Under pressure, skills such as putting a key in a door usually become worse, but physical skills such as running and jumping tend to improve. If an angry dog chases you, you will probably run faster. In a normal situation we often only use 65% of our strength, but studies have shown that this can increase to as much as 85% in more dangerous situations. When an immediate threat appears, our mind focuses on the things that are really important. The brain releases chemicals that make the mind more alert active when attention is needed. If you know you are about to speak in front of 200 people, you are likely to be thinking about nothing else other than what you want to say. You are unlikely to be thinking about what you are going to have for dinner tonight. When people have faced a fear, some have commented on the feeling of time slowing down-something that actually lasts for one or two seconds can feel like twenty or thirty seconds. Obviously time does not actually slow down, so what, so what is happening to our brain? Well, no one knows for sure, but some attribute the feeling of time slowing down to the part of the brain that creates a more detailed memory. So when we look back at the event, the details make it feel like it lasted a long time. The final superpower is one of fearlessness, in other words, not being worried or concerned about the situation. When faced with the most extreme dangers, many people do not actually feel scared at all. There is often a feeling of complete calm and almost no emotional reaction. It is only later, once the threat has gone, that people start to panic and feel nervous. So if you find yourself in extreme danger in the future, remember the superhuman strengths we all possess. Whether it is strength, speed, or fearlessness that helps you, if you remain calm, you might just find out how powerful you really are.
TRUE if the sentence agrees with the information FALSE if the sentences contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 1. Negative feelings can truly be extremely positive. 2. In a normal situation we only use 45 % of our power. 3. Your brain should relieve substances make your mind more alert. 4. The fear people have faced might last 30 or 40 seconds. 5. When people come across with the most extreme dangers, they don’t feel scared. 6. There is no any feeling that help you calm down yourself. 7. Superhuman strengths can avoid you if you remain calm.
I had a client who’s her 90s, such a delightful person, and she loves going to the zoo. So we’re at the zoo, there was old sky 1)_______, and it looks like a 2)_________. It’s open . You know, you could fall out. However I’m looking at it, and I’m seeing you know, it’s not far off the ground. And look there’s grandparents with grandchildren, and everyone look so 3)_______________. I could go on this with my client, of course I could. I turn to Mavis and I say Mavis, “ Would you like to go on that sky tram?” and she says. “Oh yes! Oh yes!” I said , 4)“____________________”. So I get her out of the wheelchair and into the lift. And as soon as we touch off, this 5)_________ sets in where I just all I can think about is, I’m going to fall out. I’m 6)________ like crazy , I’m gripping the bar like crazy and curling up my 7)_____________ are so tightly shut. And when we get to the halfway point , I call out to the person who’s there, “ Okay, we’re getting off. We’re getting off”. And they say , “No, stop! Stop!”. It’s an 8)___________. And so this poor teenager who’s working says okay. And they stopped the whole thing. Exercise 5. Listen till the end and tell what is this podcast about. Page 19 Fear Grammar focus Grammar focus Tag questions Tag questions (or question tags) turn a statement into a question. They are often used for checking information that we think we know is true. Tag questions are made using an auxiliary verb (for example: be or have) and a subject pronoun (for example: I, you, she). Negative question tags are usually contracted: It's warm today, isn't it (not 'is it not') Usually if the main clause is positive, the question tag is negative, and if the main clause is negative, it's positive. For example: It's cold (positive), isn't it (negative)? And: It isn't cold (negative), is it (positive)? If the main clause has an auxiliary verb in it, you use the same verb in the tag question. If there is no auxiliary verb (in the present simple and past simple) use do / does / did (just like when you make a normal question). There is one weird exception: the question tag after I am is aren't I. For example: I'm in charge of the food, aren't I? Page 20 
Fear Writing skill Writing practice Exercise 7. Can people completely overcome their fears with their intellect? Write your opinion. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Fear Page 21 Download 0.82 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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