Ingliz tili grammatikasi
three thousand, four million. Hundred, thousand, million
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Ingliz tili grammatikasi
three thousand, four million. Hundred, thousand, million sonlari yuz lab, minglab, millionlab ma’nosida kelib, noaniq miqdorni bildirganda ularga –s qo‘shimchasi qo‘shiladi va bu holda ular otga aylanadi hamda of predlogi bilan ishlatiladi: Hundreds of students were present at the meeting. Thousands of people greeted the Russian representatives. Majlisda yuzlab talabalar qat- nashdilar. Minglab odamlar rus vakillarini olqishladilar. Izoh: million soni oldidan two, three kabi sonlar kelganda va undan keyin boshqa sonlar kelmasa, ular -s qo‘shimchasini oladi va otga aylanadi. Bu holatda million otidan keyingi ot of predlogi bilan ishlatiladi: two millions of books — ikki millionta kitob. 6. Qo‘shma uch xonali sonlarning o‘nliklaridan oldin (agar ular bo‘l masa birliklardan oldin) and bog‘lovchisi qo‘yiladi: 375 three hundred and seventy-fi ve; 305 three hundred and fi ve; 2,075 two thousand and seventy-fi ve; 2,005 two thousan and fi ve; 1,225,375 one million two hundred and twenty-fi ve thousand three hundred and seventy-fi ve. 7. Angliya va AQSHda pul summasi quyidagicha aytiladi: 1) ingliz pul birligi pound funt yoki pound sterling funt sterling qisqar- tirilgan ₤ belgisi (lotin tilidagi libra so‘zidan olingan) bilan ishlatiladi. Agar u sondan oldin qo‘yilgan bo‘lsa, ₤1 (one pound yoki one pound ster ling deb o‘qiladi); ₤25 (twenty-fi ve pounds yoki twenty-fi ve pounds ster ling deb o‘qiladi); 2) shilling pul birligi (1/20 funt) qisqartirib s. harfi bilan ifodalanadi; 12s. (twelve shillings deb o‘qiladi). Shilling (penslar bo‘lmaganda) son dan keyin qiyshiq kasr chizig‘i bilan ifodalanadi: 12/ —, 18/ —; 3) penny pens pul birligi (1/12 shilling) qisqartirib d. harfi bilan ifodalanadi (lotincha denarus dinar so‘zidan olingan) va u sondan keyin qo‘yi ladi: 1d. (one penny deb o‘qiladi); 6 d. (sixpence deb o‘qiladi). Penslar ham (shillinglar bo‘lmaganda) sondan oldin qiyshiq chiziq va tire bilan ifodalanadi: — /1, — /8. penslar miqdori ko‘rsatilganda pence so‘zi son bilan qo‘shib yoziladi: twopence, threepence, sevenpence, elevenpence; 4) shillinglar va penslardan iborat summalar quyidagicha ifodalanadi: 2 s. 6 d. yoki 2/6 (two shillings and sixpence yoki two and six deb o‘qiladi); 5) funtlar, shillinglar va penslardan iborat pul summasi quyidagicha ifodalanadi: ₤ 25 12s.; ₤25.12.8; ₤25/12/8; ₤25:12:8; ₤ 25 — 12 — 8; (twenty-fi ve pounds twelve shillings and eightpence yoki twenty-fi ve pounds twelve and eight deb o‘qiladi); 154 6) amerika pul birligi dollar qisqartirib sondan oldin $ belgisi bilan ifo dalanadi: $1 (one dollar deb o‘qiladi); $25(twenty-fi ve dollars deb o‘qi- ladi). Ba’zan dollar miqdorini bildiruvchi sondan keyin nuqta va ikkita nol qo‘yiladi (agar sentlar bo‘lmasa): $1.00; $25.00; 7) cent pul birligi (1/100 dollar) qisqartirib ¢ belgisi bilan ifodalanadi.: 1¢ (one cent deb o‘qiladi); 65¢ (sixty-fi ve cents deb o‘qiladi). Sentlar quyidagicha ham ifodalanishi mumkin: $.12, $.50; 8) dollarlar va sentlardan iborat summa quyidagicha ifodalanadi: $25.01 (twenty-fi ve dollars and one cent deb o‘qiladi); $34.10 (thirty-four dollars and ten cents deb o‘qiladi); $3,350.55 (three thousand three hund red and fi fty dollars and fi fty-fi ve cents deb o‘qiladi); 9) Angliya va AQSHda telefon chaqiriqlari uchun telefonning har bir raqami alohida o‘qiladi: 1235 — one two three fi ve. 0 raqami [ou] deb o‘qi- ladi. Telefon nomerining birinchi ikkita yoki oxirgi ikkita raqamlari bir xil bo‘lsa, double ikkita, qo‘sh so‘zi ishlatiladi: 6634 — double six three four; 3466 — three four double six. O‘rtadagi ikki raqam bir xil bo‘lsa double so‘zi ishlatilmaydi: 3446 — three four four six. 1000, 2000, 3000 kabi raqamlar one thousand, two thousand, three thousand deb o‘qiladi. TARTIB SONLAR (ORDINAL NUMERALS) 1-inchi — 12-inchi 13-inchi — 19-inchi 20-inchi — 90-inchi 100-inchi va boshqa sonlar 1 st fi rst 2 nd second 3 rd third 4 th fourth 5 th fi fth 6 th sixth 7 th seventh 8 th eighth 9 th nineth 10 th tenth 11 th eleventh 12 th twelfth 13th thirteenth 14 th fourteenth 15 th fi fteenth 16 th sixteenth 17 th seventeenth 18 th eighteenth 19 th nineteenth 20 th twentieth 21 st twenty-fi rst 22 nd twenty- second va h. 30 th thirtieth 40 th fortieth 50 th fi ftieth 60 th sixtieth 70 th seventieth 80 th eightieth 90 th ninetieth 100 th hundredth 101 st hundred and fi rst 102 th hundred and second va h. 201 st two hundred and fi rst va h. 300 th three hundredth 400 th four hundredth 1,000 th thousandth 1,001 st thousand and fi rst 1,002 nd thousand and second va h. 1,000,000 th millionth Tartib son bilan kelgan otlar doim aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi. Ot kelmagan o‘rinlarda ham tartib sonning aniq artikli saqlanib qoladi: February is the second month of the year. Fevral yilning ikkinchi oyidir. Your second composition is bet- ter than the fi rst. Sizning ikkinchi inshoingiz birin- chisiga qaraganda yaxshiroq. 155 Tartib son bilan kelgan ot oldidan noaniq artikl ham ishlatilishi mum kin. Bunda sonning ma’nosi yana bir, boshqa bir deb o‘zgaradi: We have sent them a second tele- gram. Biz ularga ikkinchi (yana bitta) tele grammani jo‘natdik. 1. Birinchi uchta sondan (fi rst, second, third) boshqa barcha tartib son lar sanoq sonlarga -th qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish bilan yasaladi: fourth, sixth, seventh. Five, va twelve sonlaridagi ve harfi fga o‘zgaradi — fi fth [fi fθ], twelfth [twelfθ], eight raqamiga faqat h harfi qo‘shiladi — eighth [eiθ]; nine sonidagi oxirgi e harfi tushib qoladi — ninth [nainθ]; oxiri y bilan tugaydigan o‘nlik raqamlardagi y harfi ie ga o‘zgaradi: twenty — twentieth [twenti:θ]; thirty — thirtieth [θе:ti:θ]; forty — fortieth [fo:ti:θ]. 2. Qo‘shma tartib sonlarning yasalishida oxirgi son tartib songa ay lanadi undan oldingilari sanoq son shaklida qoladi: twenty-fi rst yigirma birinchi, hundred and twenty- fi rst bir yuz yigirma birinchi, two thousand three hundred and forty — eighth ikki ming uch yuz qirq sakkizinchi. 3. Kitoblarning boblari, betlari, paragrafl ari, qismlari, pyesalarning bo‘limlari kabilarda ko‘pincha tartib sonlar sanoq sonlarga aylanadi va ular otdan keyin qo‘yiladi. Bunda otlar artiklsiz ishlatiladi: the fi rst part = part one the fi fth chapter = chapter fi ve the ninth paragraph = paragraph nine the twenty-fi rst page = page twen ty- one birinchi qism beshinchi bob to‘qqizinchi paragraf yigirma birinchi bet Sanoq sonlar uylarning, xonalarning, tramvaylarning nomerlari, kiyim- larning o‘lchamlarini ifodalashda ham ishlatiladi va bunda otlar artiklsiz ishlatiladi: The lecture will take place in class- room No.15 (number fi fteen deb o‘qiladi). Leksiya o‘n beshinchi auditori- yada bo‘ladi. He lives in apartment 10 (apartment ten deb o‘qiladi). U o‘ninchi xonadonda yashay- di. I usually take tram No. 5 (number fi ve deb o‘qiladi). Men odatda beshinchi nomerli tramvayda yuraman. He wears size forty shoes. U qirqinchi o‘lchamli poyab- zal kiyadi. 156 4. Xronologik sanalar sanoq sonlar bilan quyidagicha ifodalanadi: 1900 — nineteen hundred 1900-yil — ming to‘qqiz yuzinchi yil 1904 — nineteen four (rasmiy tilda: nineteen hundred and four) 1904-yil — ming to‘qqiz yuz to‘r- tinchi yil 1915 — nineteen fi fteen (nineteen hundred and fi fteen) 1915-yil — ming to‘qqiz yuz o‘n beshinchi yil 1949 — nineteen forty-nine (nine- teen hundred and forty-nine) 1949-yil — ming to‘qqiz yuz qirq beshinchi yil Year so‘zi yillardan keyin ishlatilmaydi ammo ba’zan undan oldin — the year nineteen fi fteen kabi bo‘lishi mumkin. Sanalar tartib sonlar bilar quyidagicha ifodalanadi: 15 th May, 1948 May 15 th, 1948 May 15, 1948 } The fi fteenth of May, nineteen forty-eight yoki: May the fi fteenth, nineteen forty-eight. KASR SONLAR (FRACTIONAL NUMERALS) Oddiy kasrlar (Common Fractions) O‘nlik kasrlar (Decimal Fractions) 1 2 a (one) half 1 3 a (one) third 2 3 two thirds 1 4 a (one) quarter a (one) forth 3 4 three quarters yoki three fourth 1 5 a (one) fi fth 2 5 two fi fth 1 6 one sixth 5 6 fi ve sixths 1 2 1 one and a half 1 3 2 two and a (one) third 0.1 — nought*) point yoki point one deb oq‘iladi 1.01 — nought point nought one yoki point nought one deb o‘qiladi 2.35 — two point three fi ve deb o‘qiladi 32.305 — three two (yoki thirty-two) point three nought fi ve deb o‘qiladi *) amerikada 0 zero deb o‘qiladi. Oddiy kasrlarda surat sanoq son bilan, maxraj esa tartib son bilan ifo- dalanadi: 1 3 — a (one) third, 1 5 a (one) fi fth, 1 8 an (one) eighth. Ammo 1 2 a (one) half deb, (one second deb emas) o‘qiladi, 1 4 — a (one) quarter (kamdan kam a fourth deb) o‘qiladi. 157 Surat birdan katta son bo‘lganda, maxraj -s qo‘shimchasini oladi: 2 3 — two thirds; 5 6 — fi ve sixths. 1. Kasrdan keyin kelgan otlar birlikda bo‘ladi: 2 3 ton (two thirds of a ton deb o‘qiladi); 3 4 kilometre (three quarters of a kilometre deb o‘qiladi); 1 2 ton (half a ton deb o‘qiladi). 2. Aralash kasrlarga oid otlar ko‘plikda ishlatiladi. 2 1 2 tons (two and a half tons yoki two tons and a half deb o‘qiladi); 4 1 3 tons (four and a third tons yoki four tons and a third deb o‘qiladi). Aralash kasrlarni o‘qishda butun son birga teng bo‘lganda, ot butun son va kasrdan keyin kelsa ot ko‘plikda ishlatiladi. Ot butun son va kasr son ortasida kelsa birlikda ishlatiladi: 1 1 2 hours (one and a half hours yoki one (an) hour and a half); 1 1 3 pound (one and a third pounds yoki one (a) pound and a third). 3. O‘nli kasrlarda butun son bilan kasr nuqta yordamida ajratiladi. O‘nli kasrlarni o‘qishda har bir raqam alohida o‘qiladi. Butun sonni kasr son bilan ajratuvchi nuqta point deb o‘qiladi. Nol naught deb o‘qi ladi. Agar butun son nolga teng bo‘lsa ko‘pincha o‘qilmaydi: 0.25 — nought point two fi ve yoki point two fi ve; 14.105 — one four (yoki fourteen) point one nought fi ve. 4. O‘nli kasrning butun soni nolga teng bo‘lsa uning orqasidan kela- digan ot birlikda ishlatiladi: 0.25 ton (nought point two fi ve of a ton). Boshqa hollarda ot ko‘plikda o‘qiladi:1.25 tons (one point two fi ve tons); 23.76 tons (two three point seven six tons yoki twenty-three point seven six tons). 5. Foizlar quyidagicha o‘qiladi: 2% yoki 2 per cent. yoki 2 p.c. (two per cent deb o‘qiladi.) Bir foizning bo‘laklari quyidagicha ifodalanadi: 3 8 % yoki 3 8 per cent., yoki 3 8 p.c. (three eiths per cent. yoki three eiths of one per cent.); 1 2 %, yoki 1 2 per cent., yoki 1 2 p.c. (a half per cent, yoki a half of one per cent.); 0,2 %, yoki 0,2 per cent., yoki 0,2 p.c. (nought point two per cent. yoki nought point two of one per cent.). 158 OLMOSH Umumiy ma’lumotlar Olmosh deb, ot va sifat o‘rnida ishlatiladigan so‘zlarga aytiladi. KISHILIK OLMOSHLARI (PERSONAL PRONOUNS) 1. Kishilik olmoshlari har doim olmosh-ot bo‘lib keladi. Ularda ikki ta kelishik bor: bosh kelishik (the Nominative Case) va obyekt kelishigi (the Objective Case). Shaxs Bosh kelishik Obyekt kelishigi I II III I II III Birlikda I men — he she } u it Ko‘plikda we biz you siz they ular Birlikda me — him her it Ko‘plikda us you them 2. Bosh kelishikdagi kishilik olmoshlari gapda ega va ot kesim tar kibida keladi: I saw that picture (ega). Men u suratni ko‘rdim. It is I (he, we va h.k.). Bu men (u, biz va h.k.). Izoh: Og‘zaki nutqda ot kesim tarkibida kishilik olmoshining obyektiv kelishikdagi shakli ham uchraydi: it’s me (him, us). It’s me shakli ayniqsa ko‘proq uchraydi. 3. I olmoshi har doim bosh harf bilan yoziladi. I olmoshi boshqa olmoshlar yoki otlar bilan birga kelganda, har doim ulardan keyin ishlatiladi: You and I (yoki: he and I) must be there at seven o’clock. Siz bilan men (yoki: u bilan men) soat yettida u yerda bo‘lishimiz kerak. My brother and I will help you. Akam bilan men Sizga yordam be- ramiz. 4. He u olmoshi erkaklarga nisbatan, she u xotin-qizlarga nisbatan, it u jonsiz buyumlarga va hayvonlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi: Peter is an engineer. He works at a factory. Piter — muhandis. U zavodda ishlaydi. 159 Where is Helen? — She is in the garden. Helen qayerda? — U bog‘da. The chair is broken. It is broken. Stul siniq. U siniq. The book is on the shelf. It is on the shelf. Kitob tokchada. U tokchada. The window is open. It is open. Deraza ochiq. U ochiq. The cat is under the table. It is un- der the table. Mushuk stol ostida. U stol os- tida. 5. They ular olmoshi III shaxs ko‘plik uchun ishlatiladi: The students are in the corridor. They are in the corridor. Talabalar koridorda. Ular koridorda. The documents are on the table. They are on the table. Hujjatlar stol ustida. Ular stol ustida. 6. You Siz, sen olmoshi II shaxs birlik va ko‘plik uchun ishlatiladi: Children, where are you? Bolalar, qyerdasiz? Mary, where are you? Meri, qayerdasan? O‘zbek tilidagi sen olmoshiga to‘g‘ri keladigan thou (thee) olmoshi hozir og‘zaki nutqda ham, adabiyotda ham ishlatilmaydi, u faqat ko‘tarinki ruhda yozilgan she’riyatda va nasrda uchrashi mumkin. 7. Obyektiv kelishikdagi kishilik olmoshlari gapda vositasiz to‘ldiruv chi bo‘lib keladi: He saw me in the street. U meni ko‘chada ko‘rdi. I met them at the station. Men ularni stansiyada uchratdim. He showed her the picture. U unga suratni ko‘rsatdi. 8. Obyektiv kelishikdagi kishilik olmoshlari istagan predlog bilan kelishi mumkin va gapda to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lib keladi: He showed the picture to her and not to me. U suratni unga ko‘rsatdi, menga emas. The article was translated by her and not by them. Maqola ular tomonidan emas, u tomonidan tarjima qilingan. This pen is bad. I cannot write with it. Bu ruchka yomon. Men u bilan yoza olmayman. This letter is for you. Bu xat sizga (siz uchun). I have read about it. Men bu haqda o‘qiganman. I quite agree with you. Men sizga to‘liq qo‘shilaman. I have received a letter from her. Men undan xat oldim. 160 EGALIK OLMOSHLARI (POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS) 1. Ingliz tilida egalik olmoshlari ikki xil bo‘ladi: egalik olmosh-sifat lari va egalik olmosh-otlari. Shaxs Kishilik olmoshi Egalik olmosh-sifati Egalik olmosh-oti I II } III I II III Birlik I — he she it Ko‘plik we you they my — mening — his her } —uning its our — bizning your — sizning their — ularning mine — meniki — his hers } — uniki its ours — bizniki yours — sizniki theirs — ularniki 2. Egalik olmosh-sifatlari whose? kimning so‘rog‘iga javob bo‘lib, si- fat vazifasida keladi. Ular doim ot oldida keladi va otlarning ko‘rsatkichi bo‘lganligi uchun ularning ketidan kelgan otlar artiklsiz ishlatiladi, chunki bitta ot oldida faqat bitta ko‘rsatkich kelishi mumkin: My pencil is on the table. Mening qalamim stol ustida. He gave me his address. U menga o‘zining manzilini berdi. Agar otdan oldin boshqa aniqlovchi bo‘lsa, egalik olmoshi boshqa har qanday ko‘rsatkich kabi o‘sha aniqlovchining oldiga o‘tadi: Where is my red pencil? Mening qizil qalamim qayerda? His elder brother lives in Brigh ton. Uning katta akasi Braytonda yashaydi. 3. Egalik olmoshlari artiklga o‘xshab all va bothdan keyin qo‘yiladi: All my pencils are in that box. Mening hamma qalamlarim o‘sha qutida. Both his brothers live there. Uning har ikkala akasi o‘sha yer da yashaydi. 4. Egalik olmosh-otlaridan keyin hech qachon ot kelmaydi, ularning o‘zi ot o‘rnida ishlatiladi. Ular gapda ega, to‘ldiruvshi yoki ot-kesim tar kibida keladi: This is not my pencil, mine is blue. Bu mening qalamim emas, meniki ko‘k (ega). I have broken my pencil. Please give me yours (to‘ldiruvchi). Men qalamimni sindirib qo‘ydim. Iltimos qalamingizni berib turing. This book is mine. Bu kitob meniki. 161 5. O‘zbek tilida egalik olmoshlari tushib qolib, ularning o‘rnida egalik qo‘shimchasi yoki o‘zimning, o‘zingning, o‘zining, o‘zimizning, o‘zingizning, o‘zlarining olmoshlari bilan berilishi mumkin, lekin ingliz tilida egalik olmoshlari hech qachon tushib qolmaydi yoki boshqa narsa bilan almashtirilmaydi: Men ruchkamni sindirib qo‘ydim. I have broken my pen. U qalamini yo‘qotib qo‘ydi. She has lost her pencil. Ular kitoblarini bizga berishdi. They gave us their books. Mening lug‘atim yo‘q. Siz menga lug‘atingizni berib tura olasizmi? I haven’t got a dictionary. Can you give me your dictionary? U ta’tilini Oqtoshda o‘tkazdi. He spent his leave in Oktosh. U xatni cho‘ntagiga soldi. He put the letter into his pocket. Paltoyingizni yeching! Take off your coat! Men buni akamga aytdim. I told my brother about it. O‘ZLIK OLMOSHLARI (REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS) 1. O‘zlik olmoshlari my, your, him, her, it, one olmoshlariga selfni qo‘- shish, our, your, them olmoshlariga selvesni qo‘shish bilan yasaladi: Shaxs Birlikda Ko‘plikda I II III One olmoshi Myself Yourself Himself { Herself } Itself Oneself Ourselves Yourselves Themselves — 2. II shaxs birlik va ko‘plik uchun o‘zlik olmoshlarinung alohida shakl- lari bor: Don’t hurt yourself, Peter! Piter, lat yemagin (shikastlanma- gin!) Don’t hurt yourselves, children! Bolalar, jarohat olmang! 3. Ba’zi fe’llardan keyin o‘zlik olmoshi ishlatilib, shu ish-harakati ega ga qaytishini bildiradi: He defended himself bravely. U o‘zini jasurlik bilan himoya qildi. She hurt herself. U shikast yedi. Be careful! Don’t cut yourself. Ehtiyot bo‘ling, qo‘lingizni kesib ol- mang. Go and wash yourself, Mary. Borib yuvinib olgin, Meri. 11 — M. G‘apporov 162 4. O‘zim, o‘zing, o‘zi, o‘zimiz, o‘zingiz, o‘zlari deb tarjima qilinadi: He bought himself a new coat. U o‘ziga yangi palto sotib oldi. She spoke very little of herself. U o‘zi haqida juda kam gapirdi. I’m not pleased with myself. Men o‘zimdan rozi emasman. 5. O‘zlik olmoshlari eganing ish-harakatni o‘zi bajarganligini ta’kid lash uchun, egadan keyin yoki gapning oxirida ishlatiladi: I saw it myself. I myself saw it. Buni men o‘zim ko‘rganman. He did it himself. He himself did it. Buni uning o‘zi qilgan. You said it yourself. You yourself said it. Buni siz o‘zingiz aytdingiz. They said so themselves. They them- Download 1.19 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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