International Economics
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Dominick-Salvatore-International-Economics
(continued)
■ CASE STUDY 7-4 Growth, Trade, and Welfare in the Leading Industrial Countries Table 7.4 presents data on the average annual rate of growth of real gross domestic product (GDP), exports, terms of trade, and per capita income for the G-7 (leading industrial) countries from 1990 to 2010. The table shows that the average annual rate of growth of real GDP ranged from 2.8 in the United States to 0.9 percent in Italy, for an unweighted average of 1.8 percent for all G-7 countries. The average rate of growth of the volume of exports ranged from 6.1 percent for Germany to 2.7 for Japan, for an average of 4.5 percent for all 7 countries. Thus, exports grew 2.5 times as rapidly as GDP. Salvatore c07.tex V2 - 10/16/2012 10:01 A.M. Page 209 Summary 209 ■ CASE STUDY 7-4 Continued The change in the terms of trade ranged from an average yearly decline of 1.1 percent in Japan to an improvement of 1.1 percent for Canada (due primarily to the sharp increase in the price of its fuels and mineral exports), for a zero unweighted average change for all seven countries. The last column of Table 7.4 shows that the annual growth of real per capita GDP (as a rough measure of ■ TABLE 7.4. Growth of GDP and Exports, and the Terms of Trade, 1990–2010 Average Annual Percentage Change Real Volume of Terms of Per Capita GDP Exports Trade GDP United States 2 .8 5 .4 −0.2 1 .8 Japan 1 .0 2 .5 −1.1 0 .9 Germany 1 .4 6 .1 −0.3 1 .4 United Kingdom 2 .2 3 .8 0 .1 1 .7 France 1 .6 6 .7 0 .0 1 .0 Italy 0 .9 2 .7 0 .2 0 .3 Canada 2 .6 4 .5 1 .1 1 .6 Unweighted average 1 .8 4 .5 0 .0 1 .2 Source: International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics (Washington, D.C., various issues); Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Economic Outlook (Paris, various issues); and World Bank, World Development Indicators (Washington, D.C., various issues). the average increase in standards of living) ranged from 1.8 percent in the United States to 0.3 percent for Italy, for an unweighted average increase of 1.6 percent per year for all seven countries. Although many factors contributed to the growth of real per capita GDP, the growth of exports was certainly one of them. S U M M A R Y 1. The trade theory discussed in previous chapters was for the most part static in nature. That is, given the nation’s factor endowments, technology, and tastes, we proceeded to determine its comparative advan- tage and the gains from trade. However, factor endowments change through time; technology usually improves; and tastes may also change. In this chapter, we examined the effect of these changes on the equi- librium position. This is known as comparative static analysis. 2. With constant returns to scale and constant prices, if L and K grow at the same rate (balanced growth), the nation’s production frontier will shift out evenly in all directions at the rate of factor growth, and output per worker will remain constant. If L grows faster than K , the nation’s production frontier will shift proportionately more in the direction of the L-intensive commodity, and output per worker will decline. The opposite is true if K grows faster than L. The Rybczynski theorem postulates that at constant commodity prices, an increase in the endowment of one factor will increase by a greater proportion the output of the commodity intensive in that factor and will reduce the output of the other commodity. 3. All technical progress reduces the amount of L and K required to produce any given output, shifts the Salvatore c07.tex V2 - 10/16/2012 10:01 A.M. Page 210 210 Economic Growth and International Trade production frontier outward, and tends to increase the nation’s welfare. Hicksian neutral technical progress increases the productivity of L and K in the same proportion and has the same effect on the nation’s production frontier as balanced factor growth. As a result, K/L remains unchanged at constant rela- tive factor prices (w/r). L-saving technical progress increases the productivity of K proportionately more than the productivity of L. As a result, K is substituted for L in production so that K/L rises at unchanged w/r . K -saving technical progress is the opposite of L-saving technical progress. 4. Production and consumption can be protrade (if they lead to a greater-than-proportionate increase in trade at constant prices), antitrade, or neutral. Production is protrade if the output of the nation’s exportable com- modity increases proportionately more than the output of its importable commodity. Consumption is protrade if the nation’s consumption of its importable commod- ity increases proportionately more than consumption of its exportable commodity. What happens to the vol- ume of trade in the process of growth depends on the net result of the production and consumption effects. 5. If growth, regardless of its source and type, increases the nation’s volume of trade at constant prices, the nation’s terms of trade tend to deteriorate. Otherwise, the nation’s terms of trade tend to remain unchanged or improve. The effect of growth on the nation’s wel- fare also depends on a wealth effect. This refers to the change in output per worker or per person as a result of growth. If both the terms-of-trade and wealth effects of growth are favorable, the nation’s wel- fare will definitely improve. Otherwise, it will remain the same or decline, depending on the net result of these two effects. The case where an unfavorable terms-of-trade effect overwhelms even a favorable wealth effect and leads to a decline in the nation’s welfare is known as “immiserizing growth.” 6. With growth and/or a change in tastes in both nations, both nations’ offer curves will shift, changing the volume and/or the terms of trade. Regardless of its source, a shift in a nation’s offer curve toward the axis measuring its exportable commodity tends to expand trade at constant prices and reduce the nation’s terms of trade. Opposite shifts in the nation’s offer curve tend to reduce the volume of trade at constant prices and improve the nation’s terms of trade. For a given shift in its offer curve, the nation’s terms of trade will change more the greater the curvature is of its trade Download 7.1 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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