International Economics
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Dominick-Salvatore-International-Economics
American Economic Review , May 2002, pp. 175–179.
■ J. E. Anderson and E. van Wincoop, “Trade Costs,” Journal of Economic Literature, September 2004, pp. 691–751. ■ R. C. Feenstra, Advanced Trade Theory (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004), ch. 7. Salvatore c08.tex V2 - 11/15/2012 7:42 A.M. Page 256 256 Trade Restrictions: Tariffs ■ U.S. International Trade Commission, The Economic Effects of Significant U.S. Import Restraints (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, August 2011). The Stolper–Samuelson theorem, the Metzler paradox, and the conditions for the occurrence of the Metzler paradox, respec- tively, are found in: ■ W. F. Stolper and P. A. Samuelson, “Protection and Real Wages,” Review of Economic Studies, November 1941, pp. 58–73. Reprinted in H. S. Ellis and L. A. Metzler, Readings in the Theory of International Trade (Homewood, Ill.: Irwin, 1950), pp. 333–357. ■ L. A. Metzler, “Tariffs, the Terms of Trade and the Distri- bution of National Income,” Journal of Political Economy, February 1949, pp. 1–29. Reprinted in R. E. Caves and H. G. Johnson, Readings in International Economics (Homewood, Ill.: Irwin, 1968), pp. 24–57. ■ J. Bhagwati and M. H. Kosters, eds., Trade and Wages: Lev- eling Wages Down? (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1994). ■ R. A. Brecher and E. U. Choudhri, “Liberalizing Multinational Investment: The Stolper–Samuelson Question Revisited,” in R. E. Feenstra, G. M. Grossman, and D. A. Irwin, eds., The Political Economy of Trade Policy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996), pp. 77–88. The classics on the optimum tariff are: ■ A. P. Lerner, “The Symmetry Between Import and Export Taxes,” Economica, August 1936, pp. 306–313. Reprinted in R. E. Caves and H. G. Johnson, Reading in International Economics (Homewood, Ill.: Irwin, 1968), pp. 197–203. ■ T. Scitovsky, “A Reconsideration of the Theory of Tar- iffs,” Review of Economic Studies, no. 2, 1942, pp. 89–110. Reprinted in H. S. Ellis and L. M. Metzler, Readings in the Theory of International Trade (Homewood, Ill.: Irwin, 1950), pp. 358–392. ■ V. J. de Graff, “On Optimum Tariff Structures,” Review of Economic Studies, no. 1, 1949, pp. 47–59. ■ C. M. Broda, N. Limao, and D. E. Weinstein, “Optimal Tar- iffs: The Evidence,” American Economic Review , December 2008, pp. 2032–2065. I N T E R N e t For international trade policies in the United States, visit the Internet site for the Economic Report of the Presi- dent (and click on the most recent year to get the latest report), and the Internet site of the State Department, the United States Trade Representative, and the U.S. Interna- tional Trade Commission, respectively, at: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/eop http://www.state.gov http://www.ustr.gov http://www.usitc.gov For international trade policies around the world, see the Internet site of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the European Union, and the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs, respectively, at: http://www.wto.org http://mkaccdb.eu.int http://www.infoexport.gc.ca Salvatore c09.tex V2 - 10/26/2012 12:54 A.M. Page 257 Nontariff Trade Barriers and the New Protectionism chapter L E A R N I N G G OA L S : After reading this chapter, you should be able to: • Know the meaning and effect of quotas and other nontariff trade barriers • Describe the effect of dumping and export subsidies • Explain the political economy of protectionism and strategic and industrial policies • Describe the effect of the Uruguay Round and the aims of the Doha Round 9.1 Introduction Although tariffs have historically been the most important form of trade restriction, there are many other types of trade barriers, such as import quotas, voluntary export restraints, and antidumping actions. As tariffs were negotiated down during the postwar period, the importance of nontariff trade barriers was greatly increased. In this chapter, we analyze the effect of nontariff trade barriers. Section 9.2 examines the effects of an import quota and compares them to those of an import tariff. Section 9.3 deals with other nontariff trade barriers and includes a discus- sion of voluntary export restraints and other regulations, as well as trade barriers resulting from international cartels, dumping, and export subsidies. In Section 9.4, the various arguments for protection are presented, from the clearly fallacious ones to those that seem to make some economic sense. Section 9.5 examines strategic trade and industrial policies. Section 9.6 briefly surveys the history of U.S. com- mercial or trade policy from 1934 to the present. Finally, Section 9.7 summarizes the outcome of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations, discusses the launching of the Doha Round, and identifies the outstanding trade problems facing the world today. The appendix analyzes graphically the operation of centralized cartels, inter- national price discrimination, and the use of taxes and subsidies instead of tariffs to correct domestic distortions. 257 Salvatore c09.tex V2 - 10/26/2012 12:54 A.M. Page 258 258 Nontariff Trade Barriers and the New Protectionism 9.2 Import Quotas A quota is the most important nontariff trade barrier. It is a direct quantitative restriction on the amount of a commodity allowed to be imported or exported. In this section, we examine import quotas. Export quotas (in the form of voluntary export restraints) are examined in Section 9.3a. An import quota is examined in this section with the same type of partial equilibrium analysis used in Section 8.2 to analyze the effects of an import tariff. The similarities between an import quota and an equivalent import tariff are also noted. 9.2 A Effects of an Import Quota Import quotas can be used to protect a domestic industry, to protect domestic agricul- ture, and/or for balance-of-payments reasons. Import quotas were very common in Western Europe immediately after World War II. Since then import quotas have been used by practi- cally all industrial nations to protect their agriculture and by developing nations to stimulate import substitution of manufactured products and for balance-of-payments reasons. The partial equilibrium effects of an import quota can be illustrated with Figure 9.1, which is almost identical to Figure 8.1. In Figure 9.1, D X is the demand curve and S X is the supply curve of commodity X for the nation. With free trade at the world price of P X = $1, the nation consumes 70X (AB), of which 10X (AC) is produced domestically and the E J J' H' H N A G G' C M B X 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 25 55 65 1 2 3 2.5 4 5 S X D' X D X P X ($) K FIGURE 9.1. Download 7.1 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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