International Economics
Part B of the table shows that a 4 percent
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Dominick-Salvatore-International-Economics
Part B of the table shows that a 4 percent increase in the money supply in the rest of OECD would lead to a 1.5 percent increase in the average GNP, a 0.6 percent increase in prices, a 2.1 percentage point reduction in the short-term interest rate, a 5.4 percent currency depreciation, and a $3.5 billion improvement in the current account balance of the rest of OECD. These changes have repercussions in the United States, where prices fall by 0.2 percent, short-term interest rates decrease by 0.2 percentage points, and the U.S. current account improves by $0.1 billion. The net effect on U.S. GNP is nil, and the effect on the exchange rate of the dollar was not estimated. Salvatore c18.tex V2 - 11/02/2012 7:37 A.M. Page 594 594 Open-Economy Macroeconomics: Adjustment Policies 18.6 Policy Mix and Price Changes In this section, we first examine the reasons for directing fiscal policy to achieve internal balance and monetary policy to achieve external balance. Then we evaluate the effectiveness of this policy mix and the problem created by allowing for cost-push inflation. Finally, we summarize the policy-mix experience of the United States and the other leading industrial nations during the postwar period. 18.6 A Policy Mix and Internal and External Balance In Figure 18.10, movements along the horizontal axis away from the origin refer to expan- sionary fiscal policy (i.e., higher government expenditures and/or lower taxes), while move- ments along the vertical axis away from the origin refer to tight monetary policy (i.e., reductions in the nation’s money supply and increases in its interest rate). A' A'' A IB I Unemployment surplus Monetary policy (interest rate) II Inflation surplus III Inflation deficit IV Unemployment deficit EB F C C 1 C 2 C' 1 C' 2 G E G r E 0 i Fiscal policy (government expenditures) FIGURE 18.10. Effective Market Classification and the Policy Mix. Moving to the right on the horizontal axis refers to expansionary fiscal policy, while moving upward along the vertical axis refers to tight monetary policy and higher interest rates. The various combinations of fiscal and monetary policies that result in internal balance are given by the IB line, and those that result in external balance are given by the EB line. The EB line is flatter than the IB line because monetary policy also induces short-term international capital flows. Starting from point C in zone IV, the nation should use expansionary fiscal policy to reach point C 1 on the IB line and then tight monetary policy to reach point C 2 on the EB line, on its way to point F, where the nation is simultaneously in internal and external balance. If the nation did the opposite, it would move to point C 1 on the EB line and then to point C 2 on the IB line, thus moving farther and farther away from point F. Salvatore c18.tex V2 - 11/02/2012 7:37 A.M. Page 595 18.6 Policy Mix and Price Changes 595 The IB line in the figure shows the various combinations of fiscal and monetary policies that result in internal balance (i.e., full employment with price stability) in the nation. The Download 7.1 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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