Intonation of interrogative sentences

4) in exclamations

• 4) in exclamations
• e.g. That is very  interesting!
• 5) in the second part of alternative questions
• e.g. Do you study  English or  French?
• 6) in the first part of disjunctive questions (sometimes in the second too)
• e.g. The text is  easy isn’t it?
• 7) in greetings on meetings
• e.g. Good  morning!

THE USE OF THE RISING TONE (Glide Up)

• The rising tone in unemphatic speech is uncategoric and expresses incompleteness, indetermination and doubt. It is used:
• in general questions
• e.g. Are you  tired? 
• 2) in statements which are grammatically finished but the sense of which is not complete
• e.g. She was there.
• 3) in requests
• e.g. Let me go.

4) in the first part of alternative questions

• 4) in the first part of alternative questions
• e.g. Shall we go home by  busor by  train?
• 5) in the second part of disjunctive questions
• e.g. You are a first-year  student  aren’t you?
• 6) in sentences with enumeration (except for the last enumerated word)
• e.g. This is my  family: my  wife, my  son, my  daughter, and  I.
• 7) in non-final sense-groups when they are closely connected in meaning with the following sense-groups
• e.g. When  angrycount a  hundred.
• 8) on saying good-bye (parting)
• e.g. Good  bye.Good afternoon.

REDUCTION

• Sounds in connected speech can change their quality, quantity or even fall out when unstressed. This phenomenon is called reduction. We distinguish three degrees (types) of reduction:
• Quantitative reduction is a change of the length of a vowel in an unstressed position,
• e.g. [ı:]-[I]-[ı]
• 2) Qualitative reduction is the change of the quality of a vowel in unstressed position,
• e.g. [fo:]-[fə], [kæn]-[kən]
• These two types represent partial reduction.
• Zero (complete) reduction is the falling out of an unstressed vowel,
• e.g. [kæn]-[kn], [æm]-[m]