Introduction Chapter Parts of speech in English language

Contents:

Introduction………………………………………………………………..
Chapter 1. Parts of speech in English language……………………………

1. 
   Notional parts of speech
   
2. 
   Functional parts of speech
   

Chapter 2.
2.1.
2.2.
Conclusion………………………………………………………………….
List of used literature………………………………………………………

The words of language, depending on various formal and semantic features, are divided into grammatically relevant classes of words. The traditional grammatical classes of words are called “ parts of speech ”. The English language has thousands of words and every word has some function to perform. Some words are there to show action, some to join, and some to name something. And together, all the functions performed by words in the English language fall under Parts of speech. Every word is a part of speech, each playing a specific role in a sentence. According to Smirnitsky parts of speech are “ lexico - grammatical categories ”.

The term “ part of speech ” is purely traditional and conventional and was introduced in Ancient Greek. In modern linguistics, parts of speech are classified on the basis of three criteria: meaning, form and function.
Under the ‘meaning’ we understand not a lexical meaning, but a meaning general to all the words of this class.
Under the ‘form’ we understand 1) the types of derivation 2) categories.
Under the ‘function’ we pay attention to the 1) valency – functions in the sentence (predicate, attribute, etc.), 2) combinability.
In accordance with the described criteria, words are divided into notional and functional, which reflects their division in the earlier grammatical tradition into changeable and unchangeable.
There are 8 different types of speech including noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction and interjection. Each word in a sentence plays a vital role in conveying the meaning and intent of the sentence.
The parts of speech are the “traditional grammatical categories to which words are assigned in accordance with their syntactic functions, such as noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and so on.” In other words, they refer to the different roles that words can play in a sentence and how they relate to one another based on grammar and syntax.
Most parts of speech can be divided into sub-classes. Prepositions can be divided into prepositions of time, prepositions of place etc. Nouns can be divided into proper nouns, common nouns, concrete nouns etc.




“NOTIONAL PARTS OF SPEECH”
Main notional parts of speech.
√ Conversion.
√ A creation of new words with zero-affix linguistics.
√ Nouns can be premodified by in the possessive case & common case.
√ Subclasses
√ Morphological Characteristics.
√ Prepositional phrases.
√ A semantico-syntactic approach to case.
Main notional parts of speech are nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Members of these five classes are often connected derivationally. 
Conversion
On the one hand they can substitute nouns & adjectives , on the other hand they can be used as connectives & specifiers. There may be also groups of closed-system items within an open class (notional, functional & auxiliary verbs). A word in English is very often not marked. The problem which is closely connected with the selection of parts of speech is the problem of conversion. There are usually the cases of absolute phonetic identity of words belonging to different parts of speech. About 45% of nouns can be converted into verbs & about 50% of verbs - into nouns. There are different viewpoints on conversion : some scholars think that it is a syntactic word-building means, if they say so they do admit that the word parts of speech at the same time. Russian linguist Galperin defines conversion as a non-affix way of forming words. 
A creation of new words with zero-affix linguistics
There is another theory by French linguist Morshaw who states that conversion is a creation of new words with zero-affix linguistics this problem is called "stone-wall construction problem". Another factor which makes difficult to select parts of speech- in English is abundance of homonyms in English. They are words & forms identical in form, sounding, spelling, but different in meaning. Usually the great number of homonyms in English is explained by monosyllabic structure of words but it's not all the explanation, the words are monosyllabic in English because there are few endings in it, because English is predominantly analytical. We differentiate, between full & uartial homonymity , we usually observe full homonymity within one part of speech & partial within different parts of speech. If we have two homonyms within one part of speech their paradigms should fully coincide. ! Homonyms can be classified into lexical, lexico-grammatical & purely grammatical. We should differentiate between homonymity & polysemantic words. Noun. General Classification. Nouns denote things and other entities presented as substance. The only category of nouns which is generally accepted is the category of number. Many scholars think that the notion of gender is applied to English pronouns but not nouns. Gender distinctions are not marked morphologically. Nouns are related by conversion with verbs (to walk - a walk ).