Introduction to translation theory: objects and objectives. Main types of translation

LECTURE 2
INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION THEORY: OBJECTS AND OBJECTIVES. MAIN TYPES OF TRANSLATION
PLAN:

1. 
   Translation studies.
   
2. 
   Semiotic approach
   
3. 
   Communicative approach
   
4. 
   Functions of translation
   
5. 
   Types of translation
   

1. 
   Translation studies.
   

Translation is a special kind of spiritual activity of a person aimed at language mediation, i.e. overcoming barriers in human communication related to linguistic diversity. Going back to ancient times, translation has always played an essential role in the history of the development of both world culture as a whole and in the history of the development of individual nations. However, since about the middle of the 20th century, after the end of the Second World War, due to the sharply increased intensity of international contacts, translation activity in all its varieties has acquired an unprecedented scale.
What is translation? The word "translation" belongs to the well-known, commonly used and generally understood language units. But as a term it requires clarification and scientific definition.
The second half of the 20^th century has seen the in-depth study of translation, which is sometimes called Theory of Translation, Science of Translation, Translation Linguistics, or even Translatology.
Translation as a term has been defined by many well-known scientists and linguists.
Let's consider some of these definitions.
Translation is a process that takes place in the form of a mental act and consists in the fact that a speech work (text or oral utterance) that originated in one source language is recreated in another translating language. This definition is given by the Russian translator Minyar-Beloruchev.
To translate means to express correctly and fully by means of one language what has already been expressed earlier by means of another language.
Translation is an interlingual transformation of a text in one language into a text in another language. This definition is given by the Russian translator Barxudarov L.S.
Translation is a type of language mediation that is entirely focused on the original.
Translation is a process caused by social necessity and the result of the transfer of information expressed in a written or oral text in one language, by means of an equivalent text in another language.
From the standpoint of the theory of scientific knowledge, in order to distinguish a new scientific branch into an independent science, it is necessary to have three mandatory conditions.
A new science should have an object, a subject of research and a terminological system.
The object of translation theory is the original text, the translation text and the communicative act.
The translation process acts as a subject of translation theory.
And as a special terminology of the theory of translation, the terms simultaneous translation, translation correspondences, literalism, translation invariant, translated text and many others can be cited. The main concern of translation theory is to determine appropriate translation methods for the widest possible range of texts and to give an idea of the translation process, into the relations between thought and language, culture and speech. There are several aspects of this branch of linguistics:

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