Investigating physiological and biochemical
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Muhammad Abdul Qayyum UAF 2015 Soil Env Sciences
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- 2.1.1. Salt-affected Soils
30 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1. Agriculture: Future Challenges In spite of reducing poverty and blistering economic growth of a country, agriculture sector has to face multiple challenges in 21 st century. Some of the key issues to be addressed in future are over population , f ood security, urbanization of productive land, deforestation and water scarcity. In addition to these issues, the continuous increase in the extent of salt-affected soils and poor quality ground water are the ultimate challenges to agriculture sector of developing countries of arid and semi-arid regions 2.1.1. Salt-affected Soils Salt-affected soils exist in every part of the world but their severity and extent is high in the regions of arid and semi arid climate (Pitman and Lauchli, 2002; Qadir and Oster, 2004; Qadir et al. 2006). Almost 10% of arable land of the world is adversely affected by high salt concentration while almost half of the world’s countries are also hampered by salinity to some extent (Tabet et al., 1997; Corbishley and Pearce, 2007). Sodic and saline-sodic soils of the world are over 50% of total salt-affected land (Beltran and Manzure, 2005). At present, 20% of irrigated land of the world is salt-affected and/or irrigated with brackish water (Ghassemi et al., 1995). Salt-affected land of Pakistan is estimated to be 6.68 mha (Khan, 1998) and 56% of it is saline-sodic in nature (Aslam et al., 1994; Mehdi et al., 2008). The province of Sindh is affected more (34.2%) due to salinity after Punjab (43.2 %). The province of Baluchistan contains 21.8 % salt-affected land while Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province contains 0.8 % salt-affected land (MINFAL, 2000). About 25% of irrigated land is affected by salinity and almost 1.4 mha of arable land is left uncultivated and abandoned (World Bank, 2006a). Owing to this loss of productive arable land, small farmers have been getting worse year after year (Hussain et al., 2012) . In Pakistan, it 31 is estimated that annual loss of crop due to salinity ranges between Rs. 15 and 55 billion. In addition, almost 15 billion rupees (A$340 million) has been lost in terms of land left unproductive. Taking into account the average cost of yield reduction as 35 billion rupees (A$790 million) per year, cost of salinity in 2004 was almost equal to 0.6 percent of GDP of Pakistan (World Bank, 2006a; Corbishley and Pearce, 2007). This is probably the most important reason of increasing rural poverty in Pakistan and poverty rate is 13% higher in rural areas than urban areas. This is why although southern Punjab (Multan, Bahawalpur and D.G. Khan divisions) have high per capita cultivated land with maximum irrigation (100%) but is among the poorest parts of the country having 40% of rural poverty rate (ADB, 2002). Download 1.66 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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