Is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 98 million square kilometres 3

Science and technology
Main article: Science and technology in Canada
In 2018, Canada spent approximately CA$34.5 billion on domestic research and development, of which around $7 billion was provided by the federal and provincial governments.^[276] As of 2020, the country has produced fifteen Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, and medicine,^[277] and was ranked fourth worldwide for scientific research quality in a major 2012 survey of international scientists.^[278] It is furthermore home to the headquarters of a number of global technology firms.^[279] Canada has one of the highest levels of Internet access in the world, with over 33 million users, equivalent to around 94 percent of its total 2014 population.^[280] Canada was ranked 17th in the Global Innovation Index in 2019 and 2020.^[281][282]

The Canadarm robotic manipulator in action on Space Shuttle Discovery during the STS-116 mission in 2006
Some of the most notable scientific developments in Canada include the creation of the modern alkaline battery^[283] and the polio vaccine^[284] and discoveries about the interior structure of the atomic nucleus.^[285] Other major Canadian scientific contributions include the artificial cardiac pacemaker, mapping the visual cortex,^[286][287] the development of the electron microscope,^[288][289] plate tectonics, deep learning, multi-touch technology and the identification of the first black hole, Cygnus X-1.^[290] Canada has a long history of discovery in genetics, which include stem cells, site-directed mutagenesis, T-cell receptor and the identification of the genes that cause Fanconi anemia, cystic fibrosis and early-onset Alzheimer's disease, among numerous other diseases.^[287][291]
The Canadian Space Agency operates a highly active space program, conducting deep-space, planetary, and aviation research, and developing rockets and satellites.^[292] Canada was the third country to design and construct a satellite after the Soviet Union and the United States, with the 1962 Alouette 1 launch.^[293] Canada is a participant in the International Space Station (ISS), and is a pioneer in space robotics, having constructed the Canadarm, Canadarm2 and Dextre robotic manipulators for the ISS and NASA's Space Shuttle.^[294] Since the 1960s, Canada's aerospace industry has designed and built numerous marques of satellite, including Radarsat-1 and 2, ISIS and MOST.^[295] Canada has also produced one of the world's most successful and widely used sounding rockets, the Black Brant; over 1,000 Black Brants have been launched since the rocket's introduction in 1961.^[296]
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Canada and List of cities in Canada

The Quebec City–Windsor Corridor is the most densely populated and heavily industrialized region of Canada and spans 1,200 km (750 mi).^[297]
The 2021 Canadian census enumerated a total population of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure.^[298] Between 2011 and May 2016, Canada's population grew by 1.7 million people, with immigrants accounting for two-thirds of the increase.^[299] Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 percent overall growth.^[300] The main drivers of population growth are immigration and, to a lesser extent, natural growth.^[301]
Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world,^[302] driven mainly by economic policy and also family reunification.^[303][304] The Canadian public, as well as the major political parties, support the current level of immigration.^[303][305] In 2019, a total of 341,180 immigrants were admitted to Canada, mainly from Asia.^[306] India, Philippines and China are the top three countries of origin for immigrants moving to Canada.^[307] New immigrants settle mostly in major urban areas in the country, such as Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver.^[308] Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees, accounting for over 10 percent of annual global refugee resettlements; it resettled more than 28,000 in 2018.^[309][310]
Canada's population density, at 4.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (11/sq mi), is among the lowest in the world.^[298] Canada spans latitudinally from the 83rd parallel north to the 41st parallel north, and approximately 95 percent of the population is found south of the 55th parallel north.^[311] About four-fifths of the population lives within 150 kilometres (93 mi) of the border with the contiguous United States.^[312] The most densely populated part of the country, accounting for nearly 50 percent, is the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River.^[297][311] An additional 30 percent live along the British Columbia Lower Mainland and the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor in Alberta.^[313]
The majority of Canadians (67.7 percent) live in family households, 28.2 percent report living alone, and those living with unrelated persons reported at 4.1 percent.^[314] 6.3 percent of households are multigenerational with 34.7 percent of young adults aged 20 to 34 living with their parents.^[314] 69.0 percent of households own their dwellings with 58.6 percent of those homes having an ongoing mortgage.^[315]