Istry of higher education, science and innovations of the republic of uzbekistan karakalpak state university named after berdakh

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND INNOVATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

KARAKALPAK STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER BERDAKH

Conversion

Written by: ____________ AtanazarovM

Received by: ____________ BadirovaD

Nukus 2023
Content:

1. 
   Introduction
   
2. 
   Main part
   
3. 
   Conclusion
   
4. 
   Source
   

Conversion
How do we shape new words? The different processes of words coming into existence to mean something specific are called word formation processes. The phrase from the first sentence contains an example of a special type of word formation process known as conversion. The word shape involves this conversion process; where shape was once only a noun—the form of something, such as a circle—now it can also be a verb—to mold or construct something.

Approaches to the study of conversion:

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  conversion as a morphological way of forming words (Prof. Smirnitskiy);
  
• 
  conversion as a morphological-syntactic word-building means (Prof. Arnold);
  
• 
  conversion as a syntactic word-building means (a functional approach).
  

The productivity of conversion:

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  the analytical structure of Modern English;
  
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  the simplicity of paradigms of English parts of speech;
  
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  the regularity and completeness with which converted units develop a paradigm of their new category of part of speech;
  

-the flexibility of the English vocabulary makes a word formed by conversion capable of further derivation, e.g. affixation (to view > a view > a viewer, viewing), word-composition (a black ball > to blackball, a black list > to blacklist).

Criteria for establishing the directionality of conversion:

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  historical, e.g. crowd, v (O.E. crudan ‘to press, to hasten, to drive’, 937 AD) > crowd, n ‘a compressed mass of people or things’ 16th c. > ‘any mass of people’;
  

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  semantic, i.e. the converted word should be semantically more complex than the base word from which it is derived or is semantically dependent on the latter, e.g. bottle, n > bottle, v; better, adj – better, v;
  

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  morphological, i.e. in a homonymous verb-noun pair, the regularly inflected form is derived from the irregularly inflected one, e.g. drink, v > drink, n; sleep, v > sleep, n;
  

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  phonetic, i.e. in a homonymous verb-noun pair a stress-shift indicates a derived word, e.g. extráct, v – éxtract, n; pùsh úp, v - púsh-up, n;
  

• 
  frequency of occurrence, i.e. being semantically more complex, derived words have a narrower range of meaning to the effect that they cannot be used in as many contexts as their base words, e.g. water, n > water, v.