Jrcb4 The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Learning final

Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Learning, Teaching, and Education 
Abstract 
This report describes the current state of the art in artificial intelligence (AI) and its potential impact for 
learning, teaching, and education. It provides conceptual foundations for well-informed policy-oriented work, 
research, and forward-looking activities that address the opportunities and challenges created by recent 
developments in AI. The report is aimed for policy developers, but it also makes contributions that are of 
interest for AI technology developers and researchers studying the impact of AI on economy, society, and the 
future of education and learning. 

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Contents 
Preface ................................................................................................................. 1
Executive summary ............................................................................................... 2
1
Introduction ...................................................................................................... 5
2
What is Artificial Intelligence? ............................................................................. 7
2.1
A three-level model of action for analysing AI and its impact ............................. 7
2.2
Three types of AI ....................................................................................... 10
2.2.1
Data-based neural AI ......................................................................... 10
2.2.2
Logic- and knowledge-based AI ........................................................... 12
2.3
Recent and future developments in AI .......................................................... 13
2.3.1
Models of learning in data-based AI ..................................................... 15
2.3.2
Towards the future............................................................................. 16
2.4
AI impact on skill and competence demand ................................................... 17
2.4.1
Skills in economic studies of AI impact ................................................. 18
2.4.2
Skill-biased and task-biased models of technology impact ....................... 20
2.4.3
AI capabilities and task substitution in the three-level model ................... 21
2.4.4
Trends and transitions ........................................................................ 22
2.4.5
Neural AI as data-biased technological change ...................................... 23
2.4.6
Education as a creator of capability platforms ........................................ 23
2.4.7
Direct AI impact on advanced digital skills demand ................................ 25
3
Impact on learning, teaching, and education ....................................................... 27
3.1
Current developments ................................................................................ 27
3.1.1
“No AI without UI” ............................................................................. 28
3.2
The impact of AI on learning ....................................................................... 28
3.2.1
Impact on cognitive development ........................................................ 30
3.3
The impact of AI on teaching ....................................................................... 31
3.3.1
AI-generated student models and new pedagogical opportunities............. 31
3.3.2
The need for future-oriented vision regarding AI .................................... 32
3.4
Re-thinking the role of education in society ................................................... 32
4
Policy challenges ............................................................................................. 34
References ......................................................................................................... 37

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