Kamilova M. D. Nazarot topshiriqi
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Kamilova Mehriniso Answers.
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- Transmissible or natural foci
Kamilova M.D. Nazarot topshiriqi: -Tabiiy o’choqli kasalliklar ta’limoti. -The doctrine of natural foci of disease.
Transmissiv yoki tabiiy oʼchoqli kasalliklar Kasallik qoʼzgʼatuvchilari odam va hayvonlarga boʼgʼimoyoqlilar orqali oʼtsa transmissiv yoki tabiiy oʼchoqli kasalliklar deyiladi. Tabiiy oʼchoqli kasalliklarni tarqalishida boʼgʼmoyoqlilarning ahamiyati katta. Boʼgʼmoyoqlilarni qon soʼruvchi parazitligidan koʼra kasallik qoʼzgʼtuvchilarini sogʼlom odam va hayvonlarga yuqtirishi muhim. M: bezgak, tif, virusli entsifalit, leyshmanioz, tripanasomoz. Transmissivus - lotincha soʼz boʼlib, olib oʼtish, tashib oʼtish, oʼtkazish degan maʼnolarni bildiradi. Transmissiv kasalliklarni qoʼzgʼatuvchilarini tabiatda manba (makon) lari mavjud boʼladi. Аkademik Ye.N. Pavlovskiy va uning shogirdlari tomonidan biotsenozlarda parazitlarni murakkab sirkulyatsiya jarayonlarini oʼrganishda odam va hayvonlarda koʼp uchraydigan kasallik qoʼzgʼatuvchi va tarqatuvchilarini tadqiqotida keng kompleks ekologo-parazitologik tadqiqotlar qoʼllanildi. Tadqiqotlar natijasida transmissiv kasalliklarni tabiiy oʼchoqli ekanligi haqida taʼlimot ishlab chiqildi. Transmissiv kasalliklarni tabiiy oʼchoqlari u yoki bu geografik zonaga moslashganligi bilan xarakterlanadi (M: oʼrmon zonalarga kana entsifaliti, choʼl zonalarda tif, chuma oʼchoqlari, kesilgan oʼrmon, quruq oʼtloqlarda, sharqiy zonalarda yapon entsifaliti, issiq yarim choʼl, choʼl zoʼnalarda teri leyshmaniozi va boshqalar uchraydi). Tabiatda odam va hayvonlar yashamaydigan (M: tayga, tundra, choʼl, sahro) joylarda maʼlum bir kasalliklarning manbalari uchrab turadi va ular tabiatda uzoq vaqt saqlanadi. Аna shunday joylarga odamlar yoki hayvonlar borib qolsa bu kasalliklar yuqishi mumkin. Transmissiv kasalliklarni odam va hayvonlarga yuqishi uchun: I - kasallik qoʼzgʼatuvchisi (infektsion, invazion parazitlar). II - kasallik qoʼzgʼatuvchilarini oʼz tanasida saqlab yuruvchi umurtqali hayvonlar (tabiiy rezervlar). III - kasallik qoʼzgʼatuvchilarini yuqtiradigan ektoparazitlar (boʼgʼmoyoqli hayvonlar) boʼlishi shart. Leyshmaniozda - kasallik qoʼzgʼatuvchilari - leyshmaniyalar, tabiiy rezervlar – kemiruvchi (yumronqoziq) lar, tashuvchilari - iskaptopar (Flebotomus - avlodi chivinlari). Odam va hayvonlar sogʼligʼiga zarar keltiradigan boʼgʼimoyoqlilarni tibbiy va veterinar entomologiya oʼrganadi. Parazit boʼgʼimoyoqlilar infektsion, invazion kasalliklarni tashiydi, ayrimlari gelmintlarni oraliq, oxirgi xoʼjayinlari boʼlib hisoblanadi, boshqalari miazlar keltirib chiqaradi (mia – pashsha, koʼk, yashil goʼsht pashshalari). Qon soʼruvchilarni qora mollarga yopishishi, ularni sutini kamayishiga, yosh mollarni vaznini pasayishiga olib keladi. Parazit boʼgʼimoyoqlilar keltiradigan zarar turlicha: - birinchidan bular qon soʼruvchilar (gnus), odam va hayvonlarni qonini soʼrib bezovda qiladi. Bularning koʼpayishi uy hayvonlarini tabiatda boqishda qiyinchilik tugʼdiradi. Bularni hujumi tufayli odamlar tabiatda mahsus himoya vositalarisiz ishlay olmaydi. Ikkinchidan, bular infektsion, invazion kasalliklarni qoʼzgʼatuvchilarini tez yuqtirib olib, oʼzlarida uzoq saqlash hususiyatiga ega (nakopitel). Uchinchidan parazit boʼgʼimoyoqlilar turli havfli kasallik qoʼzgʼatuvchilarini tashuvchilari (nositel) boʼlib hisoblanadi. Boʼgʼimoyoqli parazit formalar, oʼrgimchaksimonlar, hasharotlar sinflarida mavjud. Oʼrgimchaksimonlardan kanalar turkumi vakillarini koʼpchiligi parazit hayot kechiradi. Hasharotlar orasida qandalalar, ikki qanotlilar, ayrim turkumlari butunlay parazit: bitlar, parhoʼrlar, burgalar. Koʼpchilik boʼgʼimoyoqlilar odam parazitlari, odamlarga umurtqali hayvonlardan oʼtadi. Аyrim boʼgʼimoyoqlilar ham odam, ham hayvon parazitlari hisoblanadi (bitlar, burgalar). Issiq qonlilar parazitlarini hilma-hil shakllari mavjud. Issiq qonlilar parazitlari parazitizm darajasi, hoʼjayin tanasidagi joyi, hoʼjayin bilan bogʼlanish darajasi va boshqa bir qator belgilar bilan bir-biridan farqlanadi. Parazitlarni hoʼjayinlari bilan bogʼlanish darajasiga qarab, obligat, fakultativ va tasodifiy parazitlar farqlanadi. Obligat parazitlar - haqiqiy parazitlar boʼlib, bularga bitlarni misol qilish mumkin. Fakultativ parazitlar - bular koʼk yashil, goʼsht pashshalari, tuhumlarini ham ahlat (padal) ga, ham hayvonlarni turli jarohatlangan joylariga qoʼyadi (lichinkalari ham nekrofag, ham parazit). Tasodifiy parazitlar - bular erkin formalar tasodifan boshqa organizmlarga tushib qolishi (turli erkin yashaydigan hasharot lichinkalari, tuhumlari). Parazit boʼgʼimoyoqlilarni hoʼjayin tanasida tarqalishiga qarab, ektoparazitlar (qandala, bit, burga, kana), endoparazitlarga (tana ichi parazitlari) boʼlib oʼrganiladi. Endoparazitlarni bir nechta kategoriyalarga boʼlish mumkin: -teri ichi parazitlari (qichima kanalari), -tana boʼshligʼi parazitlari (tashqi burun, quloq boʼshligʼlari, boʼshliq boʼkalari lichinkalari), -ichak parazitlari ( oshqozon - ichak boʼkasi), -toʼqima ichi parazitlari (Volfart pashshasi). Boʼgʼimoyoqlilar hoʼjayinlari bilan bogʼlanishlari ham turlicha. Trofik, topik, forik bogʼlar. Trofik bogʼlar: oziqlanishi -fitofagiya - oʼsimliklar bilan oziqlanuvchilar (kapalak qurtlari va boshqalar). Gemotafag - qon bilan oziqlanuvchilar (kana, bit, burga, qandala, ikki qanotlilar). Kerotofag - shoh modda (tuklar, sochlar, yogʼoch mahsulotlari) lar hisobiga oziqlanuvchilar (parhoʼrlar, kanalar, poʼsthoʼrlar). Nektorofag - gul shirasi bilan ayrim ikki qanotlilar, kapalaklar va boshqalar oziqlanadi. Nekrofag - tirik organizmlarning oʼlik qoldiqlari hisobiga oziqlanish (goʼsht pashshalarini lichinkalari). Koprofag – ekskrementlar hisobiga oziqlanadi - ayrim pashsha lichinkalari, goʼng qoʼngʼizi va boshqalar. Parazitlarni hoʼjayinlari bilan kontakt vaqtiga qarab, doimiy, vaqtinchalik parazitlarga boʼlinadi. Doimiy hoʼjayinni tark etmaydi (pedikulis humanis va boshqalar). Vaqtinchalik parazit hoʼjayiniga faqat oziqlanish vaqtida tashlanadi (chivinlar, pashshalar, ayrim kanalar va boshqalar). Boʼgʼimoyoqlilarni hayot cikliga qarab, butun hayoti davomida parazitlik qiluvchilarga (kruglojiznenniy), fazali (fazoviy) parazitlarga ajratiladi. Qandalalar, bitlar, ayrim kanalar butun hayoti davomida parazit. Chivinlar, moshkalar voyaga etganda qon soʼradi. Volfart pashshaolarini lichinkalik davri parazit. Bular fazali parazitlar hisoblanadi. Аgar parazit bitta hoʼjayinni qonini soʼrsa monofag (bir hoʼjayinli), hoʼjayinlar doirasi keng boʼlsa polifag (koʼp hoʼjayinli), agar hoʼjayinlar doirasi chegaralangan boʼlsa oligofag (bir nechta hoʼjayinli) hisoblanadi. Boʼgʼimoyoqlilarni topik (biologik) bogʼlari. Boshqa organizm bilan substrakt sifatida, yashash muhiti sifatida bogʼlanishi. Statsionar ektoparazitlar va endoparazitlar (parhoʼrlar, pathoʼrlar, bitlar, koʼpchilik kanalar) ga hos. Forik bogʼlanish. Foritsa - harakat degan maʼnoni anglatadi. Organizmlarni bir-biri bilan turli harakatlar orqali bogʼlanishi, bir joydan ikkinchi joyga koʼchib oʼtishi (turli kanalar bir joydan ikkinchi joyga qushlar orqali oʼtadi va hokazo). Nayot sxemasining biologik tiplari Parazit boʼgʼimoyoqlilar ichida V.N.Beklemishev boʼyicha quyidagi hayot sxemasini biologik tiplari mavjud: 1. Faol xujum qiluvchilar (davriy qon soʼruvchilar: chivinlar, pashshalar, zahkashlar, soʼnalar). Ular serharakat, uzoq masofaga uchadi, tez-tez, vaqti-vaqti bilan qon soʼradi. Bir marta qabul qilingan qon miqdori qarakatni taʼminlash bilan cheklanadi. Oziqasi organizmdan tashqarida qazm boʼladi. Lichinkalarini, voyaga etganlarini koʼp sonli oʼlishi, umumiy nasldorlikni yuqoriligi (tuhumlarini koʼp sonda qoʼyadi) bilan kompensasiyalanadi. Bularga tez oziqa hazm (tayyor oziqa bilan oziqlanadi - qon) boʼlishi, rivolanishi, voyaga etganlari uzoq och yurolmasligi, geterotroflik hos. Turli fazasini, turli biotoplarda uchratish mumkin. Voyaga etganlari havoda, lichinkalik davri suvda oʼtadi. 2. Payt poylovchi qon soʼruvchilar: bularnia) uyasizlar) uyalilarga boʼlib oʼrganiladi: a) uyasizlar - yaylov turlari: iksod, gamazoid kanalari. Yirik sut emizuvchilarda parazitlik qiladi. Bular maʼlum territoriyaga hoʼjayinlari kelgandagina hujum qiladi. Ularni hoʼjayinlari bilan uchrashish imkoniyatlari uncha katta emas. Shuning uchun qam bitta qon soʼrganda juda koʼp qon soʼrib, uzoq ochlikka chidaydi. Ular boshpana bilan bogʼliq emas, qonni sekin soʼrib, hoʼjayinlari bilan boshqa biotoplarga ketishi mumkin. Bular polifaglar. b) uyalilar: argaz kanalari, oʼrin-koʼrpa qandalasi, bular hoʼjayinlarining uya (uy) larida yashaydi. Hoʼjayinlari uya (uy) lariga kelgandagina (qon soʼradi) hujum qiladi. Hoʼjayinlari uzoq uya(uy)larida boʼlmasligi mumkin, shuning uchun bular bir martada juda tez va koʼp qon soʼradi. Uya (uy)laridan tashqarida yashay olmaydi, uzoq ochlikka chidaydi (bir necha oydan, bir necha yilgacha). Hoʼjayinlarining doirasi keng, polifag. 3. Doimiy ektoparazitlar - (bitlar, parhoʼrlar, pathoʼrlar, ayrim qon soʼruvchi pashshalar, gamozoid kanalari). Bular mahsus moslamalari boʼlishi bilan boshqalardan farqlanadi (tanasi yassi, qanotsiz, hoʼjayinga yopishuvchi panjalar, tuklar, qillar, patlarida yopishuvchi, oʼngʼay harakatlanuvchi moslamalari mavjud. Mustaxkam tana qoplamiga ega, bu ularni tashqi taʼsirlardan saqlaydi. Bular tez- tez kichik porsiyali qon soʼradi va uzoq och qolishga moslashmagan.
Yekto, endoparazitlar rivojlanish siklida tur boʼlib saqlanib qolish maqsadida hoʼjayin organizmini tark etib, tashqi muhitga yoki boshqa hoʼjayin organizmiga oʼtadi. Boʼlishi mumkin boʼlgan hoʼjayinlarini soni, tashqi muhitdagi parazitni bitta hoʼjayindan ikkinchi hoʼjayinga oʼtish mehanizmi, yoki hoʼjayindan tashqi muhitga oʼtishi yana hoʼjayinga qaytishi parazitning tabiatdagi sirkulyastiyasi va keltirib chiqaradigan kasalligi orqali aniqlanadi. Kasallik qoʼzgʼatuvchilari boʼlib, organizmida parazit yashab, koʼpayayotgan organizmlar (odam va hayvonlar) tushuniladi, ulardan yangi hoʼjayinlariga tarqaladi. Kasallik qoʼzgʼatuvchisi uzoq saqlanadigan organizm rezervuar deyiladi. Baʼzi bir kasalliklarda rezervuar boʼlib, odam ( bezgak, toshmali, qaytalama, bitli tif) hisoblanadi. Boshqalarida hayvonlar rezervuar boʼladi. Yovvoyi hayvonlar tabiiy rezervuarlar hisoblanadi. Masalan, kemiruvchilar leshmanioz, vabo, tuleremiyani tabiiy rezervuari hisoblanadi. Аntilopalar tripanosomozni tabiiy rezervuarlari, kanalar kanali qaytalama tif, kanali enstifalitni tabiiy rezervuarlari hisoblanadi. Parazitar kasalliklar qoʼzgʼatuvchilarini yuqtirish yoʼllari turlicha. Ularni asosiylari quyidagilar: 1.
Kontaktli - passiv va faol boʼladi (passiv: trihomonadalar jinsiy yoʼl orqali, faol: shistosomalarning lichinkalari faol teri orqali oʼtishi). Kasallik qoʼzgʼatuvchilari kasallangan organizmlar bilan toʼgʼridan-toʼgʼri kontakt orqali yuqadi (qichima tif, toksoplazma va boshqalar). 2. Аerogenli - qoʼzgʼatuvchilar (havo yoʼli) nafas yoʼllari orqali yuqadi (gripp, toksaplazmoz, tuberkulyoz, pnevmostistoz) 3.
Suv orqali - kasallik qoʼzgʼatuvchilari bilan ifloslangan suv istemol qilish bilan bogʼliq (amyobali va bakteriyali dizinteriya, holera, qorin tifi va boshqalar) 4. Аlimentar yoki kasallik qoʼzgʼatuvchilari bilan zararlangan oziq ovqat mahsulotlari orqali (toksaplazma bilan zararlangan goʼsht, finnalangan goʼsht mahsulotlari orqali va boshqalar). 5. Transmissiv - kasallik qoʼzgʼatuvchilari qon soʼruvchi boʼgʼimoyoqlilar orqali oʼtsa (qon orqali) obligat transmissiv, qon soʼruvchilar ishtirokisiz oʼtsa fakultativ transmissiv kasallik deyiladi (tuleremiya,filaritoz). 6. Trasplastentar yoʼl bilan - toksoplazmoz, trihinellez, teniozda ona qornidagi embrionni zararlanishi
Qoʼzgʼatuvchi va tashuvchi oʼrtasida uzoq davom etgan oʼzaro munosabatlarni evolyustion moslashuvi natijasida tashuvchilikning ikki hil yoʼli kelib chiqdi: mehanik va spestefik yoʼllari bular quyidagicha amalga oshadi –inokulyativ (inokulatsiya –privivka), kontaminativ (kontfminatsiya –ifloslanish). Inokulyatib usulda – kasallik qoʼzgʼatuvchilari terini teshib (ukol orqali) yuqtiriladi. M, bezgak qoʼzgʼatuvchisi odamgaq Bezgak chivinini chaqishi orqali oʼtadi.
Kontaminativ usulda – kasallik qoʼzgʼtuvchilari oldin tashuvchilar organizmidan fekaliy orqali chiqadi va xoʼjayinni tanasiga tushib, oʼzi aktiv kiradi yoki turli oziqalar orqali kiradi. Masalan, ichak parazitlari, gelmintlar tuxumlari turli pashsha, chivin, tarakan va boshqalarni xartumlari, panjalari orqali yuqadi. Koʼpincha bular bir-birini toʼldiradi. Bu usulda yuqtirishga kombinativ yoʼl deyuiladi. 1. Mehanik tashuvchilar organizmida kasallik qoʼzgʼatuvchilari koʼpaymaydi, rivojlanmaydi, ular yordamida bir joydan ikkinchi joyga oʼtadi va maʼlum vaqt tashuvchilarda saqlanadi (pashshalar, tarakanlar). 2. Spetsifik tashuvchilar. Ular organizmida kasallik qoʼzgʼatuvchilari maʼlum bosqichni oʼtaydi. Natijada tashuvchi va qoʼzgʼatuvchi oʼrtasida maʼlum biologik bogʼ hosil boʼladi. Va ular maʼlum tur, avlodga mansub boʼlishlari kerak. Masalan, bezgak plazmodiysida - Аnofeles avlodiga mansub bezgak chivini, leyshmaniyada - moskitlar va hokazolar. Spestifik tashuvchilar kasallik qoʼzgʼatuvchilarini uzoq oʼzlarida saqlaydilar. Hoʼjayin organizmi sharoiti tashqi muqit sharoitlaridan keskin farq qiladi. Buni oqibatida parazit boʼqimoyoqlilar tanasida turli oʼziga hos moslamalar paydo boʼlgan, koʼpayishi va rivojlanishida oʼzgarishlar sodir boʼlgan. Yevolyucion taraqqiyot jarayonida parazitik qayot uchun hos moslamalar paydo boʼlgan, koʼpayishi va rivojolanishida oʼzgarishlar sodir boʼlgan. Natijada parazitik qayot uchun mos ayrim organlar rivojlanib, ayrim kerak boʼlmaganlari redukciyaga uchragan.
Transmissible or natural foci of disease are those that are transmitted to humans and animals through arthropods. Arthropods play an important role in the spread of natural foci. It is more important that arthropods transmit pathogens to healthy people and animals than to blood-sucking parasites. M: malaria, typhoid, viral encephalitis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis. Transmissivus is a Latin word meaning to carry, to carry, to carry. There are natural sources of transmission of infectious diseases. Academician Ye.N. Pavlovsky and his students used a wide range of complex ecological and parasitological studies in the study of complex circulatory processes of parasites in biocenoses in the study of pathogens and vectors of common diseases in humans and animals. Studies have shown that transmissible diseases are natural foci. The natural foci of transmissible diseases are characterized by their adaptation to a particular geographical area (M: tick-borne encephalitis in forest areas, typhoid fever in desert areas, plague outbreaks, deforestation, dry grasslands, Japanese encephalitis in eastern areas, hot semi-desert, leathery desert, desert, etc.) . In nature, in places where people and animals do not live (M: taiga, tundra, desert, desert), there are sources of certain diseases, which persist in nature for a long time. These diseases can be transmitted if people or animals go to such places. For the transmission of transmissible diseases to humans and animals: I - pathogens (infectious, invasive parasites). II - vertebrates (natural reserves) that carry pathogens in their bodies. III - must be ectoparasites (arthropods) that infect pathogens. In leishmaniasis - pathogens - leishmaniasis, natural reserves - rodents, carriers - scaptopar (Flebotomus - mosquitoes). Arthropods, which are harmful to human and animal health, are studied in medical and veterinary entomology. Parasitic arthropods carry infectious and invasive diseases, some are intermediate and final hosts of helminths, others cause miasms (mia - flies, blue, green meat flies). Adherence of blood-suckers to black cattle leads to a decrease in milk yield and weight loss of young cattle. The damage caused by parasitic arthropods varies: - First, they bother blood- sucking (gnus), humans and animals by sucking their blood. Their proliferation makes it difficult to keep pets in the wild. Because of these attacks, people cannot work in nature without special protective equipment. Second, they are highly susceptible to infectious and invasive pathogens and have a long shelf life (accumulator). Third, parasitic arthropods are carriers of various dangerous pathogens. Arthropods are present in the form of parasites, spiders, and insects. Most arachnids are parasitic. Among the insects are caterpillars, bivalves, some groups
of which are completely parasitic: lice, feathers, fleas. Most arthropods are human parasites, transmitted to humans by vertebrates. Some arthropods are both human and animal parasites (lice, fleas). There are various forms of warm-blooded parasites. Warm-blooded parasites differ in the degree of parasitism, their location in the host's body, the degree of contact with the host, and a number of other characteristics. Depending on the degree of contact of the parasites with their hosts, there are obligatory, facultative and random parasites. Obligatory parasites are real parasites, such as lice. Optional parasites are blue- green, fleshy flies, which lay their eggs both in the litter (padal) and in various wounds of animals (larvae are both necrophages and parasites). Accidental parasites are free-flowing species that accidentally infect other organisms (various free-living insect larvae, eggs). Depending on the distribution of the parasite arthropods in the host's body, they can be divided into ectoparasites (caterpillars, lice, fleas, mites) and endoparasites (intra-body parasites). Endoparasites can be divided into several categories: - intradermal parasites (itchy canals), - parasites of the body cavity (outer nose, ear cavities, larvae of hollow bulls), - intestinal parasites (stomach - intestinal mucosa), - intracellular parasites . Arthropods also have different relationships with their owners. Trophic, topical, forik gardens. Trophic gardens: nutrition - phytophagy - plant-eating (butterfly worms, etc.). Hematophagous - blood-eating (mites, lice, fleas, caterpillars, bipeds). Kerotophagous - predators (feathers, canals, bark) that feed on royal matter (feathers, hair, wood products). Nectorophage - some two-winged, butterflies, etc. feed on flower sap. Necrophages are feeding on the dead remains of living organisms (larvae of meat flies). Coprophages feed on excrement - some mosquito larvae, manure beetles and others. Depending on the time of contact with the host, the parasites are divided into permanent and temporary parasites. Does not leave a permanent owner (pediculis humanis, etc.). Temporary parasites are released into the host only during feeding (mosquitoes, gnats, some canals, etc.). Depending on the life cycle, arthropods are divided into round-rooted parasites throughout their lives. Handcuffs, lice, some canals are parasites throughout their lives. Flies and mosquitoes suck blood when they grow up. The larval period of Wolfart flies is a parasite. These are phase parasites. If the parasite sucks the blood of one host, it is considered a monophagous (single host), if the host is wide, it is polyphagous (multi-host), and if the host is limited, it is called an oligophag (multiple hosts).
Topical (biological) gardens of arthropods. Binding to another organism as a substrate, as a habitat. It is characteristic of stationary ectoparasites and endoparasites (feathers, pathos, lice, most canals). Forik connection. Foritsa means action. The connection of organisms to each other through various actions, the movement from one place to another (different channels pass from one place to another through birds, etc.). Biological types of survival schemes Among the parasitic arthropods, according to VN Beklemishev, there are the following biological types of life schemes: 1. Active attackers (periodic blood suckers: mosquitoes, gnats, mosquitoes, ticks). They are active, fly long distances, and often, from time to time, ask for blood. The amount of blood taken once is limited by the amount of movement. The food is dug out of the body. It is compensated by the large number of larvae and adults dying, and the high general fertility (laying a large number of eggs). They are characterized by rapid digestion (feeding on ready-made food - blood), development, inability of adults to go hungry for a long time, heterotrophic. Different phases can be found in different biotopes. Adults spend time in the air and larvae spend time in the water. 2. 2. Blood suckers are studied in the following ways: a) shameless) cellular: a) shameless - pasture species: iksod, gamazoid canals. Parasitizes in large mammals. They attack a certain territory only when their masters come. Their chances of meeting their bosses are slim. Therefore, grief sucks a lot of blood and sucks a lot of blood when it sucks one blood. They are not sheltered, they can suck blood slowly and move with their hosts to other habitats. These are polyphages. 3. b) Cells: argaz canals, bed cages, which live in the nests of their owners. They attack only when their masters come to their nests (ask for blood). The owners may not be in long nests, so they suck very fast and a lot of blood at once. Cannot live outside their nests, endures prolonged starvation (from a few months to several years). The range of hosts is wide, polyphagous. Permanent ectoparasites - (lice, parasites, pathogens, some blood-sucking flies, gamosoid canals). They differ from others in the presence of special
devices (flat body, no wings, claws attached to the master, feathers, bristles, feathers attached, easy-to-move devices. Strong body cover, which protects them from external influences. They often require small portions of blood and long. not adapted to starvation.
4. Yecto, endoparasites leave the host organism and migrate to another host or organism in order to survive as a species in the developmental cycle. The number of potential hosts, the mechanism by which the parasite is transmitted from one host to another, or the return of the parasite from one host to another are determined by the nature of the parasite's circulation and the disease it causes. Pathogens are parasites that live and reproduce (humans and animals) and are transmitted to their new hosts. 5. A long-lived organism is called a reservoir. In some diseases, the reservoir is the person (malaria, rash, recurrence, typhoid fever). In others, the animals become reservoirs. Wild animals are natural reservoirs. For example, rodents are a natural reservoir of leishmaniasis, plague, tuleremia. Antelops are natural reservoirs of trypanosomiasis, canals of recurrent typhoid, canal reservoirs of encephalitis.
There are different ways of transmitting parasitic pathogens. The main ones are: 1. Contact - passive and active (passive: trichomonads through sexual intercourse, active: larvae of schistosomes pass through active skin). Pathogens are transmitted through direct contact with infected organisms (typhoid fever, toxoplasmosis, etc.). 2. Aerogenic - pathogens (airway) are transmitted through the respiratory tract (influenza, toxaplasmosis, tuberculosis, pneumostyosis) 3. Through water - associated with the consumption of water contaminated with pathogens (amoebic and bacterial dysentery, cholera, typhoid, etc.) 4. Through food contaminated with food or pathogens (toxaplasma- contaminated meat, finned meat products, etc.). 5. Transmissible - if the pathogens pass through blood-sucking arthropods (through blood), it is called obligatory transmissible disease, and if it passes without the participation of blood-sucking arthropods, it is called facultative transmissible disease (tuleremia, philaritosis). 6. Transplacental infection - toxoplasmosis, trichinosis, teniosis, damage to the embryo in the womb
As a result of the long-term evolutionary adaptation of the long-term relationship between the driver and the carrier, two modes of transport emerged: mechanical and specific: Inoculation - pathogens are transmitted through perforations (injections) into the skin. M, the causative agent of malaria is transmitted to humans by the bite of a malaria mosquito. In the contaminant method, pathogens first leave the body through the feces and enter the body of the host, where they enter actively or through various foods.
For example, intestinal parasites, helminth eggs are transmitted by various mosquitoes, gnats, cockroaches and others through their claws and claws. Often these are complementary. This method is called a combinatorial route of infection. 1. In the body of mechanical carriers pathogens do not multiply, do not develop, with the help of which they move from one place to another and are stored for some time in carriers (flies, cockroaches). 2. Specific carriers. In their body, pathogens go through a certain stage. As a result, a certain biological bond is formed between the carrier and the pathogen. And they have to belong to a certain species, a certain generation. For example, in malaria plasmodium - malaria mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles, in leishmaniasis - mosquitoes and so on. Specific carriers retain pathogens for a long time. The conditions of the host organism are very different from the conditions of the external environment. As a result, various parasitic organisms have developed in the body, and changes in their reproduction and development have taken place. In the course of evolution, specific devices for parasitic parasites have emerged, and changes in their reproduction and development have taken place. As a result, some organs suitable for parasitic growth have been developed, and some that are not needed have been reduced. Download 420.8 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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