Kryachkov 2!indd

troduce)
23
international terrorism, (to cross)
24
national boundaries, which (to begin)
25
in the 1960s. 
The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks (to give)
26
rise to the Fourth Wave of terrorism (both for the 
U.S. and nations worldwide). The Fourth Wave (to symbolize)
27
by religious justification for (to kill)
28
, 
international scope, unparalleled gory tactics and weapons, and dependence on technologies of 
modernity. The latter (to consist)
29
of communications, ease of global travel (i.e., moving across bor-
ders), and accessibility to finances and WMDs (weapons of mass destruction). In the Fourth Wave, 
terrorism (to reach)
30
a global phase. The use of any weapon is (to justify)
31
. The “Other” is now a le-
gitimate target. No distinction among targets should be taken into account. Terrorism, then, (to be-
come)
32
bellum omnium contra omnes (the war of all against all). The Fourth Wave (to suggest)
33
a 
Culture of Terror, which (to refer)
34
to a collapse (both physically and figuratively) of America and the 
West through massive killings, the constant availability and uses of WMDs or CBRN weapons, and 
religious legitimation for terrorist attacks against civilians in any country that (to consider)
35
Satan, 
infidel, or apostate (i.e., religious rebel). For example, the intent of Aum Shinrikyo (to kill)
36
people in 
Tokyo subways in 1995 (through sarin poison gas attacks) was to punish everyone: infidels and faith-
ful alike. This (to herald) 
37
the reality of sacred apocalyptic terrorism.
Ex. 35. Use of English.
a) Choose the best variant. 
b) Comment on how counterterrorism can be made more effective.
What does the war on terror ensue/entail/entice (1)? Some loss of civil freedom/liberty (2) in-
evitably accompanies measures to combat terrorism. Unfortunately, this is true. Protecting/de-

---