Kryachkov 2!indd

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Д. А. Крячков
TERM PROJECT WORK
gravated the trend to partner with business. Studies indicate that international organizations are in-
creasingly confronted with highly technical issues for which they lack expertise, while business often 
has the skills and resources necessary to deal with today’s development challenges (Witte/Reinicke 
2005: 46). Business in turn participates in PPPs to receive access to public tenders. Public subsidies 
can reduce the costs for research and development — especially in the case of costly innovations — 
and may lower training and credit costs. With regard to NGOs, studies argue that NGOs have a gen-
eral interest to participate, as partnerships open room for influencing global politics. Other incen-
tives for NGOs can be greater publicity, and finally, the close contact to state-actors and business 
actors can also result in more consultancy work and service delivery contracts (Dingwerth 2004: 78; 
Andonova/Levy 2003: 21). Governments have incentives to enter partnerships, since the control over 
the formulation and implementation of policies could possibly be increased through PPPs, and be-
cause governments can also be interested in the expertise and capabilities of non-state actors.
To sum up the section, it can be stated that different theoretical approaches have been applied 
to transnational partnerships, but nevertheless, there is still a lot of room for empirical research to 
examine the conditions which favor the emergence of PPPs. As the literature review has shown, 
the popular functionalist explanation has already been contested by empirical studies. Addition-
ally, many accounts assume that transnational PPPs will most likely emerge when actors face the 
incentive to realize specific resources they would otherwise not obtain. As we have argued in this 
context, the assumptions of institutional economics that have already been applied to national 
PPPs can also be fruitful for the analysis of transnational PPPs.
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