Kryachkov 2!indd

187
Английский язык для магистратуры
M
ight Makes Right?
Ex. 28. In the following passage insert articles where necessary. Account for their use.
So next new thing is “smart power.” “Smart power” is term developed in 2003 to counter misper-
ception that soft power alone can produce effective foreign policy. Power is one’s ability to affect 
behavior of others to get what one wants. There are three basic ways to do this: coercion, payment, 
and attraction. Hard power is use of coercion and payment. Soft power is ability to obtain pre-
ferred outcomes through attraction. If state can set agenda for others or shape their preferences, 
it can save a lot on carrots and sticks. But rarely can it totally replace either. Thus need for smart 
strategies that combine the tools of both hard and soft power. 
By and large, United States managed such combination during Cold War, but more recently U.S. 
foreign policy has tended to over-rely on hard power because it is most direct and visible source 
of American strength. Pentagon is best trained and best resourced arm of government, but there 
are limits to what hard power can achieve on its own. Promoting democracy, human rights and 
development of civil society are not best handled with barrel of gun. It is true that American mili-
tary has an impressive operational capacity, but practice of turning to Pentagon because it can get 
things done leads to image of over-militarized foreign policy.
Diplomacy and foreign assistance are often under-funded and neglected, in part because of 
difficulty of demonstrating their short term impact on critical challenges. In addition, wielding 
soft power is difficult because many of America's soft power resources lie outside of government 
in private sector and civil society, in its bilateral alliances, multilateral institutions, and transna-
tional contacts. Moreover, American foreign policy institutions and personnel are fractured and 
compartmentalized and there is not adequate inter-agency process for developing and funding 
smart power strategy.
Effects of 9/11 terrorist attacks have thrown us off course. Since shock of 9/11, United States 
has been exporting fear and anger rather than our more traditional values of hope and optimism. 
And this should be changed.
Leadership in global information age is less about being king of mountain issuing commands 
that cascade down hierarchy than being person in center of circle or network who attracts and 
persuades others to come help. Both hard power of coercion and soft power of attraction and 
persuasion are crucial to success in such situations. Americans need better to understand both 
these dimensions of smart power.
Ex. 29. Use the verbs in parentheses in the correct form.
People’s readiness to settle differences by force of arms (to be)
1
a feature of society since pre-
history. People’s attempt to place rational bounds on the use of force, (to emerge)
2
from their 
revulsion against the scourge of war, (to be)
3
almost as old. 
In the decades since the Cold War, we (to witness)
4
diverging attitudes towards the use of 
military force on either side of the Atlantic. Though the transatlantic partners (to have)
5
histori-
cally (to share)
6
differences on the role of hard power, changing threat perceptions after 1991 and 
the aftermath of 9/11 (to demonstrate)
7
increasingly divergent perspectives. Nothing (to show)
8
this more clearly than the Iraq War, where allied differences ‘(to produce)
9
the gravest crisis in the 
Atlantic Alliance since its creation’.
At the most basic level, the differing attitudes towards military force between Europe and 
America (to reflect)
10
the capabilities gap that (to open)
11
up between them, in the sense that 

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