Kryachkov 2!indd

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Д. А. Крячков
UNIT VI
militarily weak Europe (to opt)
12
for soft power, multilateralism and influence through interna-
tional law, whereas hegemonic America (to employ)
13
hard power, unilateralism and (to be)
14
un-
afraid to act without higher mandate. (To understand)
15
the causes of these preferences, however, 
one must look deeper than a purely power-based perspective.
The military power gap between the transatlantic partners certainly (to influence)
16
these pref-
erences. The psychology of power (to predispose)
17
America to use force where Europe prefers 
civilian power, (to play)
18
to its own strengths. Moreover, Europe (to be)
19
objectively less under 
threat, and at the same time able to enjoy a certain degree of free US security provision.
Ex. 30. Use of English. Force in International Relations.
a) Choose the best variant.
b) Comment on the actual implementation of the UN Charter provisions related to 
the use of force.
The development of an international legal regime addressing the use of force and binding for/
on (1) all x/the (2) States was a/the (3) twentieth-century development. Yet due to the bullying/
bellicose (4) behavior of states on/in (5) the international arena, early attempts by the interna-
tional community to limit the resort to force by States and to outlaw war failed to prevent the 
outbreak of World War II/the World War II (6). Similarly recent years have witnessed an increased 
reliance on military force by some states to settle issues of international relations in spite/despite 
of/notwithstanding (7) the UN Charter’s prohibition of the use of force as an instrument of policy. 
The tools provided by the UN Charter include, first and foremost, Article 2(4) which prohibits 
states from engaging/involving (8) in any threats or uses of force against other states. Although 
this clause has engendered untold hours of debate about its meaning, the transfer of one state’s 
armed forces into another state in significant numbers without consent/agreement (9) almost cer-
tainly falls under/within (10) Article 2(4)’s prohibition.
Second, even if one state undertakes a use of force against another/the other (11) state, most 
states and scholars/scientists (12) believe that a use of force alone may not trigger the harmed 
state’s right of self-protection/defense (13). That requires a particular type of force: an armed at-
tack. The/X (14) Article 51 of the Charter claims/states (15), “Nothing in the present Charter [i.e., 
the prohibition on the use of force] shall impair the inherent right of self-protection/defense if an 
armed attack occurs . . . .” The archetypal case of an armed attack is when one state bombs another/
the other (16).
Third, there are three cases in which one state may use force in or against another state: when 
the Security Council authorizes it under Chapter VII; when the territorial state consents; or when it 
is acting in self-protection/defense against the territorial state.
Ex. 31. Fill in the gaps with any suitable word.
In today’s __________ (1) age, success is the result not merely of whose 
army wins but also of whose story wins. The current struggle against Islamist terrorism is much 
less a __________ (2) of civilizations __________ (3) an ideological struggle within Islam. The Unit-
ed States cannot win unless the Muslim mainstream wins. There is very little __________ (4) that 
people like Osama bin Laden can ever be won over with soft power: hard power is needed to 
__________ (5) with such cases. But there is enormous __________ (6) of opinion in the Muslim 

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