Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause Structure, Second edition
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Lgg Typology, Synt Description v. I - Clause structure
participial 209 adpositional phrases 89 adpositions 9, 35–7, 44, 81–6, 89 languages without 86 postpositions 35, 62, 71, 75, 81–6, 143 prepositions 35, 65, 68, 69, 75, 81–6, 143 adverbializers 50–2 adverbs 9, 19–22 degree 20, 22 interrogative 33, 34 manner 20, 21, 62, 65, 69, 74, 80–1 sentential 20 temporal 81 affixes applied 185 directional 392 elevational 392 infixes 129, 333 position 110 prefixes 110, 128 suffixes 110, 129 agent 136, 137–40, 165, 198, 262, 342, 380 causee 210, 214 instigatory 214 volitional 214 agreement 145–8, 167, 172 split intransitive 216, 217 verb 335, 385, 386, 389 ambient clauses 267–70 analytic languages 3, 23 animacy 148, 265, 385 hierarchy 413, 415, 423, 446 antipassives 195–6, 199, 275, 359, 396, 401, 429–37, 438, 441, 442, 446 backgrounding 433–7 foregrounding 430–3 antitopic ( see right dislocations) applicatives 193, 275, 437–41, 442 argument/adjunct distinction 157, 160, 164 arguments 135, 141, 143, 157, 159–60 affected 213 core 189, 209, 369, 384 oblique 189, 209, 369, 384, 391, 393 semantic representation of 383 structure 383–9, 446 syntactic representation of 383 articles 39–40, 73, 94–6, 108 definite 39 demonstrative 29, 39 indefinite 39 interrogative 33 aspect 10, 41 imperfective 382 perfect 382 perfective 382 asymmetrical languages 188, 385 ergative–absolutive languages 420, 432, 440 470 Subject index 471 ergative–absolutive pivot languages 429 nominative–accusative languages 420, 432 pivot languages 400 auxiliary 10, 19, 40–4, 90, 107, 143–5, 189, 235 negative 303, 309 backgrounding 148, 325, 441 benefactive 36, 140, 141, 158, 188, 192–3 beneficiary 191 case marking 7, 35–7, 40, 82–4, 94, 143, 167 accusative 166, 173, 180, 181, 184, 212, 213, 255, 257, 395 dative 173, 179, 182, 184, 190, 195, 245, 255 derivational 164 desiderative 179 direct 154 ergative–absolutive 198, 395, 418 genitive 173 local semantic 164 locative 182, 195, 245, 255 nominative 166, 172, 179, 180, 212, 217, 395 nominative–accusative 198, 252–3, 395, 418, 422 non-local semantic 164 semantic 154, 161 structural 154 syntactic 154, 161–4 causal 163, 164 causative 213, 275, 366 causer 140 circumstantial roles 140–1, 157 class marking 7, 8 clause chaining 386, 393 cleft constructions 37, 156 it-cleft 150, 152, 155 wh-cleft 150 clicks 57 clitics 52–4, 58, 64, 107, 143 adpositional 82–4 enclitics 52–4 postpositional 82–4 proclitics 52–4 comitatives 437 circumstantial 141 comment 149, 404–13 comparison comparative constructions 62, 65, 66, 68, 72 equative 67 marker of 62, 68 standard of 62 complementizers 49, 50, 93–4, 100, 171, 281 complements 49, 172, 175–6, 208–9 concatenative constructions 48 conceptual events 362, 363, 364–70 conditionals 287 clauses 96 counterfactual 51 markers 296 conjunctions 45, 52 coordinating 45–8 correlative 46 counterfactual 51 subordinating 45, 48, 52 considerative 163 constituents 281 contextual factors 277 contrast markers 37, 55 contrastive constructions 157, 410 contrastive stress 150 control 388–9, 392, 393, 397, 417–18, 423, 431 coordinate clauses 172, 173–4, 197 coordination sentential 196 verb-phrase 47, 48 copula 7, 12, 13, 54–5, 91, 227, 236–8, 249 locative 238, 245 nonverbal 227, 234 core/oblique distinction 160 cross-referencing 145–8, 167, 175, 184, 188, 189 affixes 200 dative 167, 168, 175–6, 177, 188, 189, 377 adjunct 191 supplementary 191–2 debitives 313, 315 declarative sentences 91, 277, 282, 284–90, 324 marked 287 unmarked 287 definiteness 40, 94, 148, 233, 241–3 degree words 107 demonstratives 38, 68, 73, 95, 102–3, 104, 112, 126, 240 dependent marking 143–8 determiners 95, 203 direct clauses 147–8, 356, 358 direct-inverse system 415 inverse 415 directional particles discourse 363 markers 35–7, 55 status of nps 402–9 472 Subject index discourse-configurational languages 142 disjunctive-negative constructions 292, 297–8 ‘A or not A’ constructions 292, 297 ditransitive clauses 253–9 construction 158, 190 ditransitivity, restricted 379 do-support 309 double case (see Suffixaufnahme) double-object construction 158, 184–8 elative 163 ellipsis 208, 215, 423 embedded sentences/clauses 281, 285, 319 empathy 148 emphasis markers 55 equational clauses 233–6 ergativity 36, 72, 167, 171, 176–7, 189, 196, 200, 251–3, 257, 271, 275, 330, 359, 446 ergative languages mixed 193, 198 mixed syntactic 198–202 possessive 200 split ergative 175–6, 193 syntactic 193–202, 210 evidential markers 288–90 evidentiality 288–90, 323 auditory evidence 290 dubitative 290 general knowledge 290 hearsay 290 inferential 290 non-visual evidence 290 personal knowledge 290 quotative 290 reportive 290 sensory evidence 290 (un)witnessed 290 visual evidence 290 exclamatives 282, 287, 316–17, 322, 323 definition 317 existential clauses 56–7, 238, 247, 269 negative 56, 246 experiencer 140, 342, 372 first-personhood 148 focus 37, 150, 156, 157, 189, 202, 235, 320, 403–13, 446 force 371 foregrounding 148, 325–8, 441 free relatives 317 frequency of usage 73–4 gender 7, 39, 94, 307 generative grammar 77 genitives 62, 344 constructions 68, 71, 73, 85, 86, 88 gerunds 48, 54, 169, 170, 174 goal 140, 141 goal/source 184–8 Government and Binding Theory 323 grammatical functions 152 bound external 155 core 152–4, 164, 394 external 152–7 internal 152–4 oblique 152–4, 157–64 grammatical relations 134–5, 144, 165, 197, 212 grammaticization 85–6, 329 head-final languages 73, 131 head-initial languages 73, 131 head-marking 146, 148 honorification 279, 296 hortatives 207, 282, 303, 305, 313, 314 humanness 148 identifiability 148, 241–3 ideophone 21 illocutionary force 277, 281, 283, 313, 314 illocutionary functions 278, 283, 315 imperatives 199, 206, 207–8, 277, 286, 287, 288, 303, 306, 313, 314, 317, 323, 324 negative (prohibitives) 282, 304, 308, 311 polite 282, 315 positive 304–8 impersonal clauses 241 implicational statement 97 indefiniteness 40, 92, 94, 233, 241–3 inflection 143, 281 information status of nps 409–13 definite 411–13 generic 412 given 409–13 given vs non-given givenness 417–18 indefinite 411–13 new 403 packaging 362, 446 presupposed 409–13, 417 specific 412 structure 402, 418 inner locative 140 instrumentals 140, 160, 163, 189, 343, 371, 437 interjections 23, 57 interrogatives 286, 287, 288, 302, 323 alternative questions 291, 292, 297 constituent echo questions 318–19 Subject index 473 constituent questions 291, 292, 299–302, 320 content questions 65, 108–10 echo questions 282, 318–19 echo system 321 existential questions 31 fronting 302 in situ position 109, 301, 318 information questions 291 leading questions 93 modifiers mood 292 neutral polar 93 Download 1.59 Mb. 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