4
Exceptions to word order generalizations
It must be stressed that the generalizations we discuss in this chapter are tenden-
cies, and that there exist exceptions to most of them. For example, there are OV
languages with prepositions, such as Kurdish (Abdulla and McCarus (1967)).
The example in (63a) illustrates the OV order, while that in (63b) illustrates the
use of prepositions.
88
Matthew S. Dryer
(63)
a.
ʔə
m pyaw-
ə
x
ə
nj ´
ə
r
ʔə
-froˇse
this man-this dagger imperf-sell
S
O
V
‘this man sells daggers’
b. b¨
i
ra-k ´
ə
-m
l
ə
d¨
i
tr´oyt d`a
ʔə
niˇse
brother-the-my in Detroit lives
Pr NP
‘my brother lives in Detroit’
And there are verb-initial languages with postpositions, such as Northern Tepe-
huan, a Uto-Aztecan language spoken in Mexico (Bascom (1982)). The exam-
ple in (64a) illustrates the VSO word order, and (64b) illustrates the use of
postpositions.
(64)
a. tak´avo
savˆı-li
[piidy´uru
m´adu ´and
r
ˇsi] m´ui
´ı-´ı-koli . . .
yesterday bought Peter
with
Andrew many orange
V
S
O
‘yesterday, Peter and Andrew bought many oranges . . .’
b. savˆı-li
´a´an
v´a´ık ´ımai
gi˜n-oo˜n´ı-ga
v
t´ar
bought I
three squash my-wife-possd for
NP
Po
‘I bought three squash for my wife’
There are also OV languages in which the genitive follows the noun, such as
Arbore, a Cushitic language spoken in Ethiopia (Hayward (1984)). The example
in (65a) illustrates the SOV word order of Arbore (the second word in (65a) is
a nonverbal auxiliary particle varying for aspect and for the person and number
of the subject) while (65b) illustrates the NG order.
(65)
a. mo
ʔ
´ıy
k.or k.´uur-e
b. gaydan-ti g´eer
man 3sg.def tree cut-perf
hoe-possd old.man
S
O
V
N
G
‘the man cut the tree’
‘the old man’s hoe’
Conversely, there are verb-initial languages with GN order, such as Yagua
(D. L. Payne and Payne (1990)), as illustrated in (66).
(66)
a. s-iimyiy Alch´ıco-n´ı´ı
quiiva
b. Tom´a´asa rooriy
3sg-eat
Alch´ıco-def.obj fish
Tom
house
V
S
O
G
N
‘Alchico is eating the fish’
‘Tom’s house’
(The morpheme n´ı´ı on the subject in (66a) is a pronominal clitic coreferencing
the object.)
Word order
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