Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause Structure, Second edition
particles in sentence-final position seems the most widely used option. Inter-
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Lgg Typology, Synt Description v. I - Clause structure
particles in sentence-final position seems the most widely used option. Inter- rogative particles also occur in constituent interrogatives, but mostly optionally so. The contrast between declarative and interrogative exemplified by the pair of Japanese sentences in (32) is representative of the situation found in many languages: (32) Japanese a. Yamada-san wa ginkoo de hataraite-imasu. Yamada-Mr top bank at working ‘Mr Yamada works at the bank.’ b. Yamada-san wa ginkoo de hataraite-imasu ka? Yamada-Mr top bank at working int ‘Does Mr Yamada work at the bank?’ Hinds (1984:158) Further examples of interrogative particles include French est-ce que, Polish czy, Finnish ko/k¨o, Mandarin ma, Slavic li, Turkish mi, Indonesian kah, Bengali ki, Kannada e:nu, etc. In Bengali and Kannada the interrogative particle is homonymous with the interrogative word for ‘what’. The case of a sentence- initial particle is illustrated by the Persian example in (33), (see Mahootian (1997:9)). Another such language is Tzotzil (see (14b) above). (33) Persian Aya in gorbe-ye ˇsoma-st? int this cat-link you-is ‘Is this your cat?’ Speech act distinctions in grammar 295 For Russian, Turkish and Ute (Uto-Aztecan), but also Latin and Finnish, the rel- evant interrogative particles (li, mi, aa, ne, ko/k¨o respectively) should probably be categorized as affixes or at least clitics, because in these languages they are not construed with the entire sentence, but are always attached to a particular constituent. Giv´on (1984b:219f.) shows for Ute -aa that it always occurs after the first constituent and that it is in effect enclitic to it (34). (34) Ute a. mam´a-ci-aa ‘u w´u u ka-pu g´a? woman-subj-int that.subj work-rem ‘Did the woman work?’ b. k´u aw-aa p´aˆga-kway-kya? yesterday-int leave-go-ant ‘Did (she) leave yesterday?’ Turkish mi usually occurs in sentence-final position immediately after the predi- cate. It takes scope over the entire sentence and there are good reasons to assume that it cliticizes onto the predicate (it shows vowel harmony with the stem and is never stressed although word stress in Turkish is word-final). Nevertheless, the Turkish interrogative particle may also attach to constituents within a sentence. This can be observed in focussing constructions, where the scope of the particle is restricted to the relevant constituent (Kornfilt (1997:191)): (35) Turkish kitab- Has´an m Ali-ye ver-di? book-acc Hasan int Ali-dat give-past ‘Did HASAN give the book to Ali?’ Given that interrogative particles preferably occur adjacent to the predicate, at least in the unmarked case, it should be possible to make certain predic- tions concerning the position of interrogative particles and the basic word order pattern of a language. A plausible prediction, and this is by and large borne out by the data, would be that verb-final languages mostly have sentence-final Download 1.59 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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