Lecture №2 The notion of functional style. Formal and informal styles. Basic vocabulary

Colloquial words

Colloquial words are used by everybody, and their sphere of communication is comparatively wide, at least of literary colloquial words. These are informal words that are used in everyday conversational speech both by cultivated (who has been educated) and uneducated people of all age groups. The sphere of communication of literary colloquial words also includes the printed page. They are widely used in modern fiction to create warm, informal atmosphere.

Slang

Slang is colloquial words and phrases typically more colourful, metaphorical, vulgar used by certain groups of people in popular speech, they are not used in correct or written language. All or most slang words are current words whose meanings have been metaphorically shifted. (For example, “Look at the copper …” (слэнг) (SC, 543) Copper – a policeman. (ADSUE) “Oh, he’s a slow, greedy “mick”!” (слэнг) (SC, 368) Mick – an Irishman. (ADSUE))
People use slang to be picturesque, striking and different from others, to sound modern and up-to-date, independent and daring. The circle of users of slang is more narrow than that of colloquialisms. It is mainly used by the young and uneducated.

Dialect words

Dialect is a variety of a language which prevails in a district, with local peculiarities [picjuliaeriti] of vocabulary, pronunciation and phrase. England is a small country, yet it has many dialects which have their own distinctive features. So dialects are regional forms of English. Standard English is defined as the English language as it is written and spoken by literate people in both formal and informal usage and that is universally current (современный) while incorporating (объединяющий) regional differences (For example, to lake – to play, summat – something – Yorkshire [jo:kςe] dialect).


Seminar № 2
1. Answer the following questions.

1. 
   What determines the choice of stylistically marked words in each particular situation?
   
2. 
   In what situations are informal words used?
   
3. 
   What are the main kinds of informal words? Give a brief description of each group.
   
4. 
   What is the difference between colloquialisms and slang? What are their common features? Illustrate your answers with examples.
   
5. 
   What are the main features of dialect words?
   

2. The italicized words and word-groups in the following extracts are informal. Write them out in two columns and explain in each case why you consider the word slang/colloquial. Look up any word you do not know in the dictionary.

1. 
   The Flower Girl. … Now you are talking! I thought you’d come off it when you saw a chance of getting back a bit of what you chucked at me last night (Eliza means the money that Higgins gave her on their previous meeting). (Confidentially). You’d had a drop in, hadn’t you?
   
2. 
   Liza. What call would a woman with that strength in her have to die of influenza? What become of her new straw hat that should have come to me? Somebody pinched it; and what I say is, them as pinched it done her in.