2. Narrowing (constriction) of the air passage at some point or other. As a result of the differences in the place of articulation, the size and shape of the narrowing, the articulating organ gives a series of taps against a passive organ. Consonants of this type are called trilled. the uvula or the lips. The Russian [p]-phoneme is an example of a trilled consonant. The method of creating an obstacle determines the manner of articulation. 2. The Articulatory Classification of English Consonants - Stops may be of different kinds:
- - plosives;
- - affricates;
- - they may differ as to the kind of resonance;
- - there are oral and nasal stops.
- Constrictive consonants are also of different kinds: (1) constrictives with a medial (or central) air passage (constrictive medial); (2) constrictives with a lateral air passage (constrictives lateral). All the characteristic features of one or another articulation make up what is called the manner of articulation.
- The most important points of consonant formation are the manner and the place of articulation.
- The place of articulation is composed of two important points:
- l) the articulating organ;
- 2) the passive speech organ.
2. The Articulatory Classification of English Consonants - In classifying consonants according to the articulating organ, we distinguish the following types of consonants:
- 1. Labial consonants: 1) bi-labial, i. e. articulated by means of both lips; 2) labio-dental.
- 2. Lingual consonants: 1) fore-lingual; 2) front-lingual (or mid-lingual); 3) back-lingual.
- 3. Velar consonants are formed by means of a closure between the velum (soft palate) and the back of the tongue, in cases when the velum is active.
- 4. Uvular consonants are formed by the activity of the uvula.
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