Lecture Branches of Linguistics

Lecture 2. Branches of Linguistics

PhD Rasulov Z.I.

Lecture 2. Branches of Linguistics

• 1. Phonology
• 2. Morphology
• 3. Syntax

Lecture 2. Branches of Linguistics

• For further reading:
• Anthony Manning. Language and Linguistics. Course Book. – UK, Garnet Education, 2009.
• Anthony Manning. Language and Linguistics. Teacher’s Book. – UK, Garnet Education, 2009.
• David E. Freeman, Yvonne S. Freeman. Essential Linguistics. Dedicated to Teachers. – Heinemann Portsmouth, NH, 2014
• Ирисқулов М.Т. Тилшуносликка кириш. – Т., 2008.
• Йўлдошев И., Муҳаммедова С., Шарипова Ў., Маджидова Р. Тилшунослик асослари. – Т., 2007/2013.
• Муҳаммедова С., Йўлдошев И., Маджидова Р., Шарипова Ў., Тўхтаматов Х. Тилшунослик асослари. – Электрон дарслик.
• Маслов Ю.С. Введение в языкознание. – М., 2007.
• Реформатский А. Введение в языкознание. – М., 2006.
• William B. McGregor. Linguistics. An introduction. – New York, Bloomsbury Academic Press, 2015. 430 p.
• Keith Allan. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics, Oxford University Press London, 2013.

Lecture 2. Branches of Linguistics

• There are seven main branches:
• phonetics,
• phonology,
• morphology,
• syntax,
• semantics,
• pragmatics and
• sociolinguistics.

1. Phonology

• The phoneme plays a key role here. The word phoneme was created in 1876 by the Polish academic Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, whose work is considered to be the foundation of what we now know as phonology.

2. Morphology

• Morphology was used to describe the area of grammar that investigates the structure of words. The German August Schleicher was the first linguist to describe languages in terms from biology.

2. Morphology

• In living organisms
• separate cells → tissues → organs →systems.

In language

• phonemes → meaningful sounds;
• morphemes or bits of words → whole meaningful words;
• syntactic units like nouns and verbs and adjectives → rule-governed ways → sentences.
• It's easy to see why Schleicher started to see the similarity between languages and living organisms.

3. Syntax

• different words → clauses,
• clauses → sentences

Subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial modifier