Lecture Stylistics as a science. Problems of stylistic research. Plan

a) Uttered Represented Speech
Uttered represented speech demands that the tense should be switched from present to past and that the personal pronouns should be changed from 1^st and 2^nd person to 3^rd person as in indirect speech, but the syntactical structure of the utterance does not change. For example:
“Could he bring a reference from where he now was? He could.”(Dreiser)
“In consequence he was quick to suggest a walk... Didn’t Clyde want to go?” (Dreiser)
b) Unuttered or Inner Represented Speech
The thoughts and feelings going on in one’s mind and reflecting some previous experience are called inner speech:
An idea had occurred to Soames. His cousin Jolyon was Irene’s trustee, the first step would be to go down and see him at Robin Hill. Robin Hill! The odd - the very odd feeling those words brought back. Robin Hill - the house Bosinney had built for him and Irene—the house they had never lived in—the fatal house! And Jolyon lived there now! H’m!” (Galsworthy)
Inner represented speech, unlike uttered represented speech, is usually introduced by verbs of mental perception, as think, meditate, feel, occur (an idea occurred to...), wonder, ask, tell oneself, understand and the like.
Inner represented speech remains the monopoly of the belles-lettres style, and especially of emotive prose, a variety of it.
Transferred use of structural meaning.
Rhetorical questions - is a special syntactical stylistic device the essence of which consists in reshaping the grammatical mean­ing of the interrogative sentence:
How long must we suffer? Where is the end? (Morris)
Thus there is an interplay of two structural meanings: 1) that of the question and 2) that of the statement (either affirmative or negative). Both are materialized simultaneously:
“Are these the remedies for a starving and desperate populace?” “Is there not blood enough upon your penal code, that more must be poured forth to ascend to Heaven and testify against you?” (Byron)
Rhetorical questions based on negation:
“Did not the Italian Mosico Cazzani
Sing at my heart six months at least in vain?” (Byron)
“Have I not had to wrestle with my lot?
Have I not suffered things to be forgiven?” (Byron)
Litotes is a stylistic device consisting of a peculiar use of nega­tive constructions.:
He was no gentle lamb (London); Mr. Bardell was no deceiver. (Dickens)
Two negative constructions produce a lesser effect than the corresponding affirmative ones:
1. It’s not a bad thing. - It’s a good thing.
2. He is no coward. - He is a brave man.