Lecture21-Doppler pdf
Cosmic microwave background
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lecture21-doppler
5 Cosmic microwave background
When you go closer to the big bang, you have to fit all the energy of the universe in a smaller volume, so it has to be hotter. Working out the relevant physics, the result is that the tempera- ture T in Kelvin is related to time t in seconds by T ≈ 10
t √ (11) At an early enough time, the universe was so hot that the thermal energy was enough to ionize atoms. At this time, the universe was essentially a plasma. In a plasma, photons cannot get very far without hitting a free electron or proton, so the universe is opaque. The ionization energy of atoms is around the Rydberg constant 13 eV, which corresponds to a temperature of T = 160, 000 K. By the time the universe has cooled to around 3000 K, the rate for electrons to be captured by protons exceeds the rate for photons to knock them out. This temperature is called the reionization temperature. Using Eq. ( 11 ) this happened at a time t = 380, 000 yrs. This time corresponds to a redshift of z = 1100, which is called the surface of last scattering. We can’t see anything farther than this, since the universe was opaque. 4 Section 5 What does the surface of last scattering look like? Well, the last photons that scattered had a blackbody spectrum at T ≈ 3000K. But these photons all get redshifted since they are very far away. The effect is that the spectrum looks like a blackbody at T z ≈ 3 K. People sometimes say that the photons have cooled as the universe expanded, but I think it’s more accurate to say that they redshifted. The net result is that there is a thermal bath of photons at 3K. This bath was first observed by 1964 by Penzias and Wilson (somewhat by accident – they thought it was reducible noise in another experiment they were doing, but couldn’t get rid of it!). The peak photon wavelength at 3K is in the microwave region, and this is called the cosmic microwave Download 0.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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