We can summarize these two results by saying that for a stationary observer directly ahead
or behind the moving source,
ν
′
=
c
s
c
s
+ v
s
ν
(4)
where v
s
is positive if the source is moving away from the observer, and negative if the source is
moving towards the observer.
It is not hard to include also the case when the observer is in motion. Say the source is
moving away from the observer. Then the spacing between adjacent peaks are spread out as
before λ
b ehind
= (c
s
+ v
s
)T =
c
s
+ v
s
ν
. If the observer is moving towards the source with velocity
v
r
, then the she passes these peaks faster, at the rate
ν
′
=
c
s
+ v
r
λ
ahead
=
c
s
+ v
r
c
s
+ v
s
ν
(5)
In the cases where the direction of either the source of observer is flipped, the sign of v
s
or v
r
flips, but this equation still holds. Note that if the observer and source are moving at the same
speed in the same direction, no frequency change is detected.
This type of change in frequency due to motion is called the Doppler effect.
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