Lectures in history of the English language and method-guides for seminars
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Why Was It?
There are theories for why the Great Vowel Shift has occurred, but none are likely ever be testable without a time machine. Two models of the pattern of vowel change are the 'pull 26 theory' in which the upper vowels moved first and 'pulled' the lower ones along, and the 'push theory' in which the lower vowels moved forward and up, pushing the others ahead. Neither theory gives us an answer to why the shift happened, and the actual shifting was so complicated by regional variation that it will be difficult to ever sort out more than a general pattern of shifting. The regional variation of the shift has lead to a multitude of vowel pronunciations which are neither standard English nor standard Continental such as this anecdote: Boy in North-East England is sitting by a river, crying. Passer by asks what's up. Boy says 'Me mate fell in the water'. 'Oh - that's terrible, how did it happen?'. 'Fell right out of my sandwich, into the water!' Or the Cockney woman who, when trying to buy a cut loaf of bread was asked by the puzzled baker 'Is it a bread especially for cats?' Both of these examples are vowels that have shifted beyond the strict definition of the Great Vowel Shift. This is a demonstration that the English language is still evolving in wonderful (and confusing) ways. In addition, the reconstruction of the sounds is based on texts, which are rarely a perfect means of recording sound. The printing press further complicated this problem, as it tended to fix spelling in the 15th and 16th Centuries, before the sounds of speech had finished shifting (if they ever did finish). Today, we speak with 21st Century pronunciation, but we write our words in a 15th Century form. Since the Great Vowel Shift did not occur in other languages or in some regional dialects of English (see, the Scottish 'house' and 'cow', above), it is the Standard English speakers and not the speakers of other languages, who have the wacky vowels. • The transition from Middle English to Modern English was marked by a major change in the pronunciation of vowels during the 15th and 16th centuries. This change, termed the Great Vowel Shift by the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen, consisted of a shift in the articulation of vowels with respect to the positions assumed by the tongue and the lips. The Great Vowel Shift changed the pronunciation of 18 of the 20 distinctive vowels and diphthongs of Middle English. Spelling, however, remained unchanged and was preserved from then on as a result of the advent of printing in England about 1475, during the shift. (In general, Middle English orthography was much more phonetic 27 than Modern English; all consonants, for example, were pronounced, whereas now letters such as the l preserved in walking are silent). The principal changes (with the vowels shown in IPA) are roughly as follows. However, exceptions occur, the transitions were not always complete, and there were sometimes accompanying changes in orthography: • Middle English [aȳ] (ā) fronted to [æȳ] and then raised to [ȳȳ], [eȳ] and in many dialects diphthongised in Modern English to [eȳ] (as in make). Since Old English ā had mutated to [ȳȳ] in Middle English, Old English ā does not correspond to the Modern English diphthong [eȳ]. • Middle English [ȳȳ] raised to [eȳ] and then to modern English [iȳ] (as in beak). • Middle English [eȳ] raised to Modern English [iȳ] (as in feet). • Middle English [iȳ] diphthongised to [ȳi], which was most likely followed by [əȳ] and finally Modern English [aȳ] (as in mice). • Middle English [ȳȳ] raised to [oȳ], and in the eighteenth century this became Modern English [oȳ] or[əȳ] (as in boat). • Middle English [oȳ] raised to Modern English [uȳ] (as in boot). • Middle English [uȳ] was diphthongised in most environments to [ȳu], and this was followed by [əȳ], and then Modern English [aȳ] (as in mouse) in the eighteenth century. Before labial consonants, this shift did not occur, and [uȳ] remains as in soup). Download 0.64 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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