Lectures in history of the English language and method-guides for seminars
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- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Old English Middle English Modern English Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular
- Third person personal pronouns Case Old English Middle English Modern English
- Overview of lexical differences
First person personal pronouns
Case Old English Middle English Modern English Nominative ië I / ich / ik I Singular Accusative mē / meë me me 93 Dative mē Genitive mīn min / mi my, mine Nominative wē we we Accusative ūs / ūsië Dative ūs us us Plural Genitive ūser / ūre ure / our our, ours (Old English also had a separate dual, wit ("we two") etcetera; however, no later forms derive from it.) Second person personal pronouns Old and Middle English singular to the Modern English archaic informal Case Old English Middle English Modern English Nominative þū þu / thou thou (you) Accusative þē / þeë Dative þē þé / thee thee (you) Singular Genitive þīn þi / þīn / þīne / thy /thin / thine thy, thine (your) Nominative āē ye / ȝ e / you Accusative ēow / ēowië Dative ēow you, ya you Plural Genitive ēower your your, yours Note that the ye/you distinction still existed, at least optionally, in Early Modern English: "Ye shall know the truth and the truth shall make you free" from the King James Bible. Here the letter þ (interchangeable with ð in manuscripts) corresponds to th. Formal and informal forms of the second person singular and plural Old English Middle English Modern English Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Case Formal Informal Formal Informal Formal Informal Formal Informal Formal Informal Formal Nominative þū āē you thou you ye you 94 Accusative þē / þeë ēow / ēowië Dative þē ēow thee you Genitive þīn ēower your, yours thy, thine your, yours your, yours (Old English also had a separate dual, ȝit ("ye two") etcetera; however, no later forms derive from it.) Third person personal pronouns Case Old English Middle English Modern English Nominative hē he he Accusative hine Dative him him him Masculine Singular Genitive his his his Nominative hēo heo / sche / ho / he / ȝ ho she Accusative hīe Dative hire hire / hure / her / heore her Feminine Singular Genitive hire hir / hire / heore / her / here her, hers Nominative hit hit / it Accusative hit Dative him hit / it / him it Neuter Singular Genitive his his / its its Nominative hīe he / hi / ho / hie / þai / þei they Accusative hīe Dative him hem / ham / heom / þaim / þem / þam them Plural Genitive hira here / heore / hore / þair / þar their, theirs (The origin of the modern forms is generally thought to have been a borrowing from Old Norse forms þæir, þæim, þæira. The two different roots co-existed for some time, although currently the only common 95 remnant is the shortened form 'em. Cf. also the demonstrative pronouns.) Comparison of British and American English Vocabulary Most of the differences in lexis or vocabulary between British and American English are in connection with concepts originating from the 19th century to the mid 20th century, when new words were coined independently. Almost the entire vocabularies of the car/automobile and railway/railroad industries (see Rail terminology) are different between the UK and US, for example. Other sources of difference are slang or vulgar terms (where frequent new coinage occurs) and idiomatic phrases, including phrasal verbs. The differences most likely to create confusion are those where the same word or phrase is used for two different concepts. Regional variations, even within the US or the UK, can create the same problems. It is not a straightforward matter to classify differences of vocabulary. David Crystal identifies some of the problems of classification on the facing page to his list of American English/British English lexical variation and states "this should be enough to suggest caution when working through an apparently simple list of equivalents". Overview of lexical differences Note: A lexicon is not made up of different words but different "units of meaning" (lexical units or lexical items e.g. "fly ball" in baseball), including idioms and figures of speech. This makes it easier to compare the dialects. Though the influence of cross-culture media has done much to familiarize BrE and AmE speakers with each other's regional words and terms, many words are still recognized as part of a single form of English. Though the use of a British word would be acceptable in AmE (and vice versa), most listeners would recognize the word as coming from the other form of English and treat it much the same as a word borrowed from any other language. For instance 96 a British speaker using the word chap or mate to refer to a friend would be heard in much the same way as an American using the Spanish word amigo. Download 0.64 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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