Lesson 1 Plural forms of nouns. Irregular nouns

Lesson 1 Plural forms of nouns. Irregular nouns
Plural Forms of nouns - Otlarning ko’plikdagi shakillari
Shaxs yoki buyumni ifodalovchi who? kim? va what? nima? so‘rog‘iga javob bo‘luvchi so‘zlar turkumi ot deyiladi: a man, an engineer, a house.
Otlar oldidan odatda artikl va predlog keladi. Ular otlarning asosiy belgisidir:
a table, the table, on the table.
Otlar birlik va ko‘plikda kelishi mumkin: a table — tables, a book — books.
Otlarda ikkita - bosh va qaratqich kelishigi bor: worker — wor¬ker’s, father — father’s.
Ingliz tilida otlarning ko‘pligi ularga -s qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish bilan yasaladi. Bu qo‘shimcha jarangsiz undoshdan keyin [s] deb o‘qiladi, jarangli undoshlar va unlilardan keyin [z] deb o‘qiladi:

jarangsiz	jarangli
map — maps belt — belts safe— safes	hand — hands shoe — shoes bag — bags

1.s, -ss, -x, -ch, -sh harflari bilan tugagan otlarga -es qo‘shimchasi qo‘shiladi va [iz] deb o‘qiladi:
class — classes, dish — dishes
box — boxes inch — inches
2.-se, -ce, -ze, -ge bilan tugagan otlarga qo‘shilgan -s qo‘shimchasi [iz] deb talaffuz qilinadi:
horse — horses place — places
prize — prizes judge — judges
3.Otlar oxiridagi -y harfiga ko‘plik qo‘shimchasi -es qo‘shilganda -y harfi -i ga aylanadi:
army — armies company — companies
city — cities factory — factories
-y bilan tugagan bir bo‘g‘inli so‘zlarga -s qo‘shilganda u o‘zgari maydi:
day — days, boy — boys, toy — toys, key — keys
4.O harfi bilan tugagan so‘zlarga -es qo‘shiladi:
cargo — cargoes — yuk tomato — tomatoes — pomidor
hero — heroes — qahramon potato — potatoes — kartoshka
Lekin quydagi so‘zlarga -s qo‘shiladi:
Piano — pianos — pianino photo — photos — fotografiya
5.-f, -fe bilan tugagan otlarga -es, -s qo‘shiladi va f harfi v ga ayla- nadi:
leaf — leaves — yaproq knife — knives — pichoq
wolf — wolves — bo‘ri wife — wives — xotin
Ammo quyidagilarga -s qo‘shimchasi qo‘shilganda o‘zgarmaydi:
chief — chiefs — boshliq handkerchief — handkerchiefs — ro‘molcha
roof — roofs — tom safe — safes — seyf
wharf—wharfs; wharves — pristan
6.Ba’zi otlarning ko‘pligi, qo‘shimcha qo‘shilmasdan, o‘zagidan o‘z- garadi:
man — men — erkak woman — women — ayol
goose — geese — g‘oz foot — feet — oyoq
mouse — mice — sichqon ox — oxen — ho‘kiz
child — children — bola
penny - pens - otining ikkita ko‘pligi bor:
pence - pul birligi ma’nosida; pennies - tangalar, chaqalar ma’nosida
7. sheep — qo‘y, fish — baliq otlari birlik va ko‘plikda bir xil shaklga ega:
This farm has a great number of sheep.
Bu fermaning qo‘ylari ko‘p.
I caught two fish. Men ikkita baliq tutdim.
Ammo baliq turlari haqida gapirganimizda fishning ko‘pligifishes bo‘ladi:
In this lake there are fishes of many varities. Bu ko‘lda turli baliqlar bor.
8.dozen — dyujina (o‘n ikkitalik), score — yigirmatalik so‘zlaridan oldin son kelsa birlik va ko‘plikda bir xil shaklga ega bo‘ladi.
Two dozen of eggs — 2 dyujina tuxum,(24 ta)
Three score of years — oltmish yil
Bu otlar oldidan son kelmasa ko‘plikda -s qo‘shimchsini oladi:
Pack the books in dozens, please. Kitoblarni dyujinalab o‘rang.
Scores of people were present there. U yerda yigirmatalab (ko‘p) odamlar bor edi.
9. works — zavod, zavodlar, means — vosita, vositalar otlari birlik va ko‘plikda bir xil shaklga ega bo‘ladi:
A new glass works has been built near the village.
Qishloq yaqinida yangi shisha zavodi qurildi.
There are two brick works outside the town.
Shahar tashqarisida ikkita g‘isht zavodi bor.
He found a means of helping them. Are there any other means of helping them?
U ularga yordam berish vosita- sini topdi.Ularga yordam berishning bosh- qa yo‘llari bormi?

Exercise:1 Read and translate.

A table, a plate, a fox, a room, a lady, a knife, a chair, a bus, a Negro, a match, a way, a house, a family, a flag, a town, a wolf, a country, a lion, a park, a play.

Exercise 2. Translate and learn by heart.

a man — men a goose — geese
a woman — women a tooth — teeth
a child — children a fool — feet
a mouse — mice an ox — oxen
a sheep — sheep a deer — deer
a swine- swine an Englishman — Englishmen
a Frenchman — Frenchmen a German — Germans

Exercise 3. Put these nouns into plural form

A star, a mountain, a tree, a shilling, a king, the waiter, the queen, a man, the man, a woman, the woman, an eye, a shelf, a box, the city, a boy, a goose, the watch, a mouse, a dress, a toy, the sheep, a tooth, a child, the ox, a deer, the life, a tomato
Exercise 4
Complete the sentences. Use the plural form of the words in the boxes. Use each word only once.