Lesson academic fields; Present Perfect Tense Read the text Academic field

Lesson 8. INDUSTRY Participle.


Activity 2. Read and translate the text
The term industry covers all the businesses and factories that convert raw materials into goods or that provide useful services. Industry produces all the goods and services required by society and distributes them to consumers. In economics, industries are customarily classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary; secondary industries are further classified as heavy and light.
This sector of a nation’s economy includes agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, quarrying, and the extraction of minerals. It may be divided into two categories: genetic industry, including the production of raw materials that may be increased by human intervention in the production process; and extractive industry, including the production of exhaustible raw materials that cannot be augmented through cultivation.
The genetic industries include agriculture, forestry, and livestock management and fishing - all of which are subject to scientific and technological improvement of renewable resources. The extractive industries include the mining of mineral ores, the quarrying of stone, and the extraction of mineral fuels.
Primary industry tends to dominate the economies of undeveloped and developing nations, but as secondary and tertiary industries are developed, its share of the economic output tends to decrease.

8-dars. SANOAT Qismat.


Faoliyat 2. Matnni o'qish va tarjima qilish
Sanoat termini xom ashyoni tovarlarga aylantiradigan yoki foydali xizmatlar ko'rsatuvchi barcha korxonalar va zavodlarni qamrab oladi. Sanoat jamiyat talab qiladigan barcha tovar va xizmatlarni ishlab chiqaradi va iste'molchilarga tarqatadi. Iqtisodiyot nazariyasida sanoat odatda birlamchi, ikkilamchi va uchinchi darajali deb tasniflanadi; ikkilamchi sanoat og'ir va engil deb yanada tasniflanadi.
Xalq xo'jaligining bu sektori qishloq xo'jaligi, o'rmon xo'jaligi, baliqchilik, paxtachilik, konchilik, mineral o'g'it qazib olish kabilarni o'z ichiga oladi. U ikki turga bo'linishi mumkin: genetik sanoat, shu jumladan, ishlab chiqarish jarayoniga inson aralashuvi natijasida ko'payishi mumkin bo'lgan xom ashyo ishlab chiqarish; va qazib olish sanoati, shu jumladan, ekinlarni etishtirish orqali kuchaytirib bo'lmaydigan holdan toygan xom ashyo ishlab chiqarish.
Genetik sanoat qishloq xo'jaligi, o'rmon xo'jaligi va chorvachilikni boshqarish va baliq ovlashni o'z ichiga oladi - bularning barchasi qayta tiklanuvchi resurslarni ilmiy-texnik jihatdan yaxshilashga bo'ysunadi. Qazib olish sanoatiga mineral rudalarni qazib olish, toshni qazib olish, mineral yoqilgʻilarni qazib olish kiradi.
Birlamchi sanoat rivojlanmagan va rivojlanayotgan davlatlar iqtisodiyotida hukmronlik qilishga moyil, ammo ikkilamchi va uchinchi sanoat rivojlanishi bilan uning iqtisodiy natijadagi ulushi kamayadi.