Literature of Uzbekistan doc

Uzbek literature
The most ancient samples of the Uzbek literature concern to poetic creativity, integral part of culture of the Uzbek people. The large place belongs to fair)' tales such as about the animals, magical- fantastic themes and household stories. Among the latter a latifa ('jokes') genre is developed. The national imagination created a collective image of Nasriddin Afandi, the main hero and wise character of Uzbek national jokes.

The largest genre of the Uzbek folklore is dastan ('poem'). It was executed usually in support of musical tools. There are more than 300 dastans (100 plots) were written down. The brightest samples are: the heroic epic of"Alpomysh", heroic- romantic epic of "Gur-ughli" (more than 40 plots), military epic "Ynsuf and Akhmad", "Tokhir and Zukhra", and others. The book version, as a rule, was borrowed from classical products "Farkhod and Shirin", "Layli va Majnun".

Pre-Islamic culture is represented by insignificant number of written monuments in Old Turkic languages:

"Penitential prayer of Manicheans" (the 5th century) and Orkhun-Yenisey writings (7-12th centuries), "Kutadghu-Bilig" ('knowledge', 'giving happiness') (1069) of Yusuf Bolosoghuny, "Khibatul Khakaik" ('a souvenir of truths') by Akhmad Yugnaky, and especially, Devoni Lughati Turk ('dictionary of the Turkic languages) (1072-74) by Makhmud Kashghary are among the finest examples of Uzbek literature. Since the 14th century the Uzbek literature developed intensively and rather diverse. The period saw the emergence of a secular theme (a love epic with Biblical- Quranic topic, "Yusufand Zulaykho" by Durbek in l4-15th centuries.)
Also, the most blooming period of Uzbek literature came on the scene during the period of Amir Temur. Diverse forms of brilliant poetic works achieved the special popularity. Compositions by Akhmad Yassavy, Akhmad Yugnaky and Khorazmy were widely popular among the public. Amir Temur himself highly respected Yassavy for his geniality, and built a majestic monument on his grave.

Special attention on the part of Amir Temur towards literature and arts has become a fair tradition to the entire Temur dynasty. Uzbek literature of that period served a significant stage in its historical development. Humanitarian values and great ideas are still urgent in it, and still preserved their value.

One of the bright lyric poets of the 15th century was Lutfy, who in his poems used to highlight an ideal love, Poems by Atai and Sakkakv are also among brilliant examples. And, certainly, the special place belongs to works by Alisher Navoi. He combined his lyrics in four collections, including kasidas, gazek kitas, rubais and others.

The cornerstone of his poetry is "Khamsa" ("Five stories"). In the anthology "The Assembly of Scientists" Navoi briefly describes famous poets of the 15th century. Also, in his many works he talked about theories of ethics and aesthetics. His treatise, namely "Weight of the sizes" served a significant development in Uzbek lyrics.

In the 16th century numerous literary and historical works as well as their translations into Uzbek language were produced. Historical events of the 16th century were told in "Shayboniynoma"(1506), as well as in the works by Zakhiriddin Muhammad Bobur, who is said to have led records throughout his life, which later had become a source for his autobiographical work, entitled "Boburnama", a remarkable literary and historical essay.

Later on, works by Turdi (Faroghy), Mashrab and other poets saw large popularity. The influence of folklore upon the written literature was on the rise. Many topics for legends served a basis for creation of large literary works (poems Yusufand Zubykbo by Nozim Khisrav, "Tokhir and Zukhra" by Sayyodi, "Bakhrom and Gulandom" by Saykali, and others).

In the 18-19 centuries the Ferghana Valley, Khorezm and Bukhara became the largest literary' centers of the region. Poems by Nishaty Khorazmy came on the scene, influenced enormously by works of Navoi and Fuzily. Nodira and Uvaisy wrote about traditional theme of love. In early 19th century satirical pamphlets by Gulkhany, Makhmur and Agakhy were popular. Works by Munis, his historical "Heavenly garden of joy", finished later on by Agakhy, the author of the vast "Talisman of those in love", became a masterpiece of the Uzbek classic literature.

There were progressive poets of the period such as Mukumy, Furkat, Avaz Otar, Zavky, Khamza Khakimzoda Niyozy, Sadriddin Ainy, and Anbar Otin. In 1915 Khamza set up a theatrical group and wrote plays on local themes. In early 20th century new poets and writers emerged in Uzbek literature, such as A. Kocliry, A. Chulpon, A. Fitrat, Oybek, G. Gulom, A, Kakhkhor, Kh. Olimjon, Uyghun, and K. Yashin. New genres

like political satire, feuilleton, and pamphlet came on the scene. In 1923 satirical magazine "Mushtum" began to be published.

In 20 and 30s of the last century, the poetry prevailed in Uzbek literature. In 5O-6Os various stories and novels by authors such as I. Rakhim, Oybek, Shukhrat, S. Akhmad came on the scene. Oybek, Abdulla Kakhkhor, and Ibrakhim Rakhim wrote about the countryside life. Also, the historical theme saw its rise. However, spiritual shape of the contemporary person remained as the main topic in literature. Among such works there are novels by P. Kodirov, A. Yokubov, and Murmukhsin. In early 60s, stories and memoirs were further developed. One could observe a delicate mastery in the diversity of genres in the poetry by Shukrullo, E.Vokhidov, T. Tula, A. Oripov, Zulfiya, and others.

Historic and biographic themes in the works by Uighun, Izzat Sulton, and others occupy a significant place in the playwriting, as well. The Uzbek literature during the period of independence is a not just another historical stage in the development of the national literature, but it is a display of the new art - aesthetic phenomenon, with its new creative features.

It became independent of ruling communist regime and ceased to be a state literature. Respectively, the state stopped rewarding for "services" and punishing for "disobedience". Now the modern Uzbek literature cares of spiritual enrichment of each individual, and perfection of social structures and industrial attitudes are no longer main topics for it anymore. It wishes to understand the person deeper - in all of its variety of interpersonal relations. A person has become its main subject, but not a typical hero given some typical circumstances.

The modern Uzbek literature delivers itself of primitivism, becomes diverse, more courageous in the choice of a form and style. However with freedom of creativity and plurality of opinions, there is a danger of dull works to come on the scene. The Uzbek poetry, continuing a centuries- long tradition, remains as the leading genre of the national literature.

The attitude and poetic realization of the world saw a new stage in the poems by Omon Matchon, Barat Boykobulov, Sirojiddin Sayyid, Normurod Narzullaev, Shavkat Rakhmon, Chulpon Ergash, Azim Suyun, Usmon Azim, Ikrom Otamurod, Abduvali Kutbiddin, Aziz Said, Bakhrom Ruzimuhammad, Muhammad Yusuf, Iqbol Mirzo, and others. Contemporary poetry pays a great deal of attention towards not only circumstances and enthusiasm, but also reflection of complex spiritual state and strive for realization of the sacred feelings of an individual, study of his rich and diverse soul.

"Ancestors" ("Turkiylar"), "Acknowledgment" ("Iqror") by Sh. Rakhmon, "Confession" ("Istighfor"), "The white and black" ("Oq va qora") by Azim Suyun,"Non-axplanatory dictionary" ("Izohsiz lughat") by Abduvali Kutbidin, "Dream" ("Tush"), "Way" ("Yo'l") by A. Said are typical examples of the modern poetry. For this period variety of the forms and styles, and wish to combine leading traditions of poetry of the East and West are common.

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