M. Iriskulov, A. Kuldashev a course in Theoretical English Grammar Tashkent 2008

Collocation includes all those items in text that are semantically related. The 
items may be related in one text and not related in other. For instance, the words 
'neighbour' and 'scoundrel' are not related at all. However, in the following text 
they are collocated: My neighbour has just let one of his trees fall into my garden. 
And the scoundrel refuses to pay for the damage he has caused. 
Cohesive ties within the text are also formed by endophoric relations. 
Endophoric relations are of two kinds - those that look back in the text for their 
interpretation are called anaphoric relations; those that look forward in the text are 
called cataphoric relations: 
Look at the sun. It is going down quickly. 'It' refers back to 'the sun'.
It is going down quickly, the sun. 'It' refers forwards to 'the sun'. 
As a linguistic term deixis means 'identification by pointing'. 
Much of the textual meaning can be understood by looking at linguistic 
markers that have a pointing function in a given context. For example, consider the 
following note pinned on a professor's door: "Sorry, I missed you. I'm in my other 
office. Back in an hour. " Without knowing who the addressee is, what time the 
note was written, or the location of the other office, it is really hard to make a 
precise information of the message. Those terms that we cannot interpret without 
an immediate context are called deixis. Deictic terms are used to refer to ourselves, 
to others, and to objects in our environment. They are also used to locate actions in 
a time frame relative to the present. Deictic terms can show social relationship - the 
social location of individuals in relation to others. They may be used to locate parts 
of a text in relation to other parts. 
Deictic expressions are typically pronouns, certain time and place adverbs 
(here, now, etc.), some verbs of motion (come/go), and even tenses. In fact all 
languages have expressions that link a sentence to a time and space context and 
that help to determine reference. 
We can identify five major types of deictic markers - person, place, time, 
textual and social. 
Person deixis refers to grammatical markers of communicant roles in a 
speech event. The first person is the speaker's reference to self; the second person 
is the speaker's reference to addressee (s) and the third person is reference to others 
who are neither speaker nor addressee. 
Place deixis refers to how languages show the relationship between space 
and the location of the participants in the text: this, that, here, there, in front of, at 
our place, etc.