M. Iriskulov, A. Kuldashev a course in Theoretical English Grammar Tashkent 2008


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Ingliz tili nazariy grammatikasi.M.Irisqulov.2008.

Function Words - 1 
Some words in English have no inflectional or derivational ending. 
They are simply tools for putting other words together. They perform a 
function in the system – outside the system they have little or no meaning 
whatever. These words fall into categories determined only on the basis of their 
position in grammatical structures they enter into. They are referred to by the 
collective term function words. The categories of function words are often called 
closed classes because new ones are rarely, ever, added to them. The list of 
function words in English is firmly established. 
The relationship of function words to form class is often linked to that of 
mortar and bricks. 
Major Categories of Function Words – 1 
1.
Determiners: Function words which signal nouns. 
They never appear except when followed by a 
noun and invariably signal its coming: a, the, 
an, possessive pr-ns
2.
Auxiliary 
verbs: 
have and be. Modals are subcategories. 
3. 
Qualifiers: 
work with both adj. and adv.: more and most, 
very, quite, rather, less (intensifiers) 
Function Words – 2 
 
4. 
Prepositions 
5. 
Conjunctions: 
work as coordination of linguistic forms of 
syntactic units having equal value 
6. 
Subordinators: Connect dependent clauses and include words 
like: because, after, as well as relative 
pronouns 
7. 
Interrogatives: Operate in the formation of questions and 
include words like when, where, why, how 
and so on: as well as – the interrogative 
pronouns which, what, who 


55 
 Syntax 
 
Problems to be discussed: 
- subject - matter of syntax 
- syntax-minor and syntax-major 
- the types of syntactical relations 
a) coordination 
b) subordination 
c) predication: primary and secondary predication 
- the types of syntactical relations according to the form of the constituents 
a) agreement 
b) government 
c) collocation 
- word-combinations and their types 

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