M. Iriskulov, A. Kuldashev a course in Theoretical English Grammar Tashkent 2008

Five Signals of Syntactic Structure 
1. Word Order - is the linear or time sequence in which words appear in an utterance. 
2. Prosody -
is the over-all musical pattern of stress, pitch, juncture in which the 
words of an utterance are spoken 
3. Function words - 
are words largely devoid of lexical meaning which are used to 
indicate various functional relationships among the lexical words of 
an utterance 
4. Inflections -
are morphemic changes - the addition of suffixes and morphological 
means concomitant morphophonemic adjustments - which adopt 
words to perform certain structural function without changing their 
lexical meanings 

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5. Derivational contrast -
is the contrast between words which have the same base 
but differ in the number and nature of their derivational affixes 
One more thing must be mentioned here. According to the morphological 
classification English is one of the flexional languages. But the flexional languages fall 
under synthetical and analytical ones. The synthetical-flexional languages are rich in 
grammatical inflections and the words in sentences are mostly connected with each-
other by means of these inflections though functional words and other grammatical 
means also participate in this. But the grammatical inflections are of primary 
importance. The slavonic languages (Russian, Ukraine…) are of this type. 
The flectional-analytical languages like English and French in order to connect 
words to sentences make wide use of the order of words and functional words due to the 
limited number of grammatical flexions. The grammatical means - order of words – is 
of primary importance for this type of languages. 
Lexical and Grammatical Meaning 
In the next chapter we shall come to know that some morphemes are independent 
and directly associated with some object of reality while others are depended and are 
connected with the world of reality only indirectly. Examples: 
desk-s; 
bag-s; work-ed; 
lie-d … 
The first elements of these words are not dependent as the second elements. 
Morphemes of the 1
st
type we’ll call lexical and meanings they express are lexical. 
The elements like -s, -ed, -d are called grammatical morphemes and meanings 
they express are grammatical. 
Thus, lexical meaning is characteristic to lexical morphemes, while grammatical 
meanings are characteristic to grammatical morphemes. 
Grammatical meanings are expressed not only by forms of word – changing, i.e. 
by affixation but by free morphemes that are used to form analytical word-form, e.g. 
He will study, I shall go. 
The meaning of shall, will considered to be grammatical since comparing the 
relations of invite - invited - shall invite we can see that the function of shall is similar to 
that of grammatical morphemes -s, -ed. 
1. The notion of 'grammatical meaning'. 
The word combines in its semantic structure two meanings - lexical and 
grammatical. Lexical meaning is the individual meaning of the word (e.g. table).