Мавзу 19. Ялпи ички маҳсулот ва аҳоли турмуш даражаси статистикаси режа

National Product — The Product Method
Under the product method, money value of all goods and services produced in an economy during a year are calculated. The money value is calculated at market pricing. The sub total is called the GNP at market prices. Deducting indirect taxes and add to it subsidies, the value of the GNP at factor cost is estimated. If further deduction of depreciation cost is made from the GNP, we get the Net National Product (NNP) at factor cost which is identical with National Income. National Product is defined as the sum total of all goods and services produced by an economy during a given period of time, normally a year. In addition, this definition conforms to the following conditions.
1. Since national product comprises a variety of goods and services, it is impossible to add them in terms of their physical quantities. The only method by which they can be added up is by converting them into some commondenominator. This is done by estimating their ‘values’ which happen to be (i) either market determined, (ii) or determined by official orders, or (iii) imputed.
2. National product, as seen above, is to include all goods and services produced irrespective of whether they are marketed or are used in selfconsumption. In the latter case, they are assigned ‘imputed’ values. Some important examples of such self-consumption items include parts of agricultural produce and dairy products which the farmers produce for their own use. Similarly, in a country like India, a sizeable proportion of produce gathered from woods is not sold in the market. Several houses are not rented out. The owners themselves occupy and live in them.
3. However, for various reasons, it is not possible to cover all goods and services produced for self-consumption. For example, the services by the housewives to their families are not accounted for in estimates of national product. Similarly, it is not possible to include illegal activities like smuggling, black marketing, and the like.
4. In estimating national product, care is taken to avoid multiple counting of a value. This is done by estimating only the ‘value added’ at each stage of production. Instead of taking the gross value of output, it is reduced by the values of the inputs (all goods and services) used in the process of production. In other words, a distinction is made between the ‘final’ and ‘intermediate’ products and for avoiding multiple counting, only the final products are added up.¹