Mca 6 2007 def pdf
particularly when you borrow from banks, who are
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MCA200706121
particularly when you borrow from banks, who are short in options. So real estate entrepreneurs have always had the upside, and banks the downside. Or take reinsurance. This is just like banking. Insu- rance is like mild randomness, reinsurance is wild randomness. Very few events can bankrupt insu- rance companies: they reinsure the risks with a low probability and a huge repercussion. That is why a few negative events can bankrupt reinsurance com- panies. Look at Lloyds: asbestos costs them all their savings. If you do a simulation, and you add a large deviation to reinsurance, you know it will hit them hard. Their returns tend to look better than their real possibilities. If you look at the returns for biotech on the other hand, they may well be an underestimation of what is really there. Particularly in biotech, the returns you see will not include the returns for a potential cure for baldness; the same way the results of a reinsurance company will not reflect the major earthquake in the San Francisco area. So this is really how I operate. By separating do- mains, whether sensitive or not sensitive, and look- ing if you are short in options or long in options. So how do you construct the ideal portfolio? My ideal portfolio is robust to the negative Black Swan, and sensitive to the positive. If I take tradi- tional portfolio theory, and want to construct a me- dium risk portfolio, it would recommend allocation in a broad range of medium risk securities, with a small number of high risk and a small number of low risk opportunities. NASSIM TALEB Nassim Nicholas Taleb (b. 1960) is an essayist, belletrist & scholar, only interested in one single topic – chance, or rather rare events with a very small probability but huge repercussions. Born in Lebanon, in the 1980s, after attending university in France, he entered the Wharton MBA program at the University of Pennsylvania. In an options theory class, he felt an immediate affinity for the product. ‘It was effortless for me to think about options,’ he reflects. ‘So I told myself, “Hey, it's a great way to be lazy. Lazy and intuitive.”’ In 1985 he began trading at Bankers Trust and quickly discovered that rare events were more frequent than people believed – and that when they happened, they cost a lot more than people expected they would. That was when he first began formulating his own way of looking at rare events. This made him turn towards mathematics. ‘I started studying the mathematics of distributions to understand options better,’ he says, ‘so I'd have to work even less for a living.’ He now describes his options trading as a ‘hobby’ (‘I was not interested in finance per se, but rather in what I could learn from it.’). As a pioneer of complex financial derivatives Taleb is a legend; his book Dynamic Hedging: Managing Vanilla and Exotic Options (1996) is the Bible of the options trade. He worked for institutions like Union Bank of Switzerland, CS-First Boston, Banque Indosuez, BNP-Paribas, and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (a.o.). After Black Monday (!) in 1987 Taleb was gradually able to reduce his financial mathematics activities and start a second career as an epistemologist of chance events, focusing on the development of his black swan theory of unexpected rare events. In 1995 he founded Empirica LLC, which owns interests in hedge funds, and operates a research laboratory in London. The bulk of it’s business consists in portfolio protection strategies for hedge funds. Starting September 2007 he will be Professor of Marketing (sic) at the London Business School (visiting 3 months a year) & co-director of the Decision Science Laboratory. Currently he is on leave as the Dean’s Professor in the Sciences of Uncertainty, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Fellow & Adjunct Professor of Mathematics at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences of New York University and affiliated faculty, Wharton School Financial Institutions Center. His most succesful publications are Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in the Markets and Life, (1st Ed. November 2001), translated into 19 languages (‘One of the Smartest Books of all Time’, Fortune); and The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable (2007) – a book that may change the way you think about the world. My problem is, I don’t understand their measures of risk. Because this is not robust. I can build the same medium risk portfolio by having ninety per- cent in rather safe treasury bills and ten percent in a massively diversified broad portfolio with high risk but also the chance of an extremely positive re- sult. That portfolio is of the same medium risk, but it is also insensitive to a negative Swan. This I call robust. It is not difficult at all, and I shall demonstrate this during the Conference in November; there are ways to check the robustness of portfolio’s. I cannot tell you which one is the most profitable, but I can tell which one is the more robust, the less risky. Download 192.28 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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