Means of expressing modality in Modern English

1.1 The Notion and Category of Modality
Linguistics has come a long and winding path in the study of modality, building on the achievements of the logic, semiotics and psychology. However, the modality has not yet received a full explanation because of its complexity, specificity of language expression and functional features. Researchers give various definitions of the categories of modality. Take a look at some of the concepts.
In 1960, in the grammar of the Russian language have been formulated and are all linguistic facts relating to all phrases, introductory words plug-in designs, but the definition of modality has not yet been given. [2,67]
The first definition of modality found in 1969 in the linguistic dictionary (O.S. Ahmanovoy), which examines the modality as the conceptual category with the value of the speaker's relationship to the content of the remarks and the relationship of language to reality (relationship reported to its actual implementation), through different lexical and grammatical means, such as the shape and inclination, modal verbs etc. Modality can be set to approve, order, requests, approve, reliabilities and so on.
In a dictionary of linguistic terms (1969) is the Division of the modality mode:

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  hypothetical(suppositional) modality, which involves the submission of statements alleged;
  
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  verbal modality. modality expressed by the verb;
  
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  unreal modality. the presentation of the contents of speech is impossible, impracticable;
  
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  negative modality – the presentation of the contents of statements as non-reality.
  

Russian grammar of 1980 notes, first, that the modality is expressed through language levels, secondly, states that an objective category of modality refers to the category of predicatively, thirdly, is the phenomena related to the phenomena of modality:
1. The value of reality- unreality: the reality is by indicative (present, past, future); unreality-the surreal inclinations (subjunctive, conditional, desirable, a socializing);
2. subjectively-modal value is the ratio of the speaker to the reported;
3. The modalities of speech (verbs, adjectives, predicative), lexical values that express ability, desire, imperativness; [2,82]
English Dictionary of foreign words (1996) gives the following definition: modality-(FR. Modalite, LAT. Modus inclination) is a modality of judgment-the difference between logical judgement depending on the nature of the exercise-from that, whether they are necessary or probable relationship between the logical subject and predicate. On modality distinguish judgments: apodiktichesky, assertorichesky and problematichesky .Turning to the definition given in Dmitry Ushakov dictionary (1996) : modality – conceptual category with the value of the speaker's relationship to the content of the remarks and the relationship of language to reality (the ratio of reported to its actual implementation), expressed by different grammatical and lexical means, such as forms of inclination, modal verbs, intonation, etc. Linguist Vladimir Vinogradov, in his "Russian language" gave a broader definition of modality. It follows that the modality is not only a characteristic of reality and unreality, but the speaker's relationship to the suggestion. From the definition we see that there are two types of modality: objective and subjective, but in the text it’s difficult to identify a clear border between them. Many researchers believe that modality is subjective.
The Category of Modality
As already noted, the category of modality Musayeva G.F. is differentiated in two types: objective and subjective. The objective modality is a required feature of any statements, one of the categories that form a predicate-unit proposal. This type of modality expressed attitude reported to reality in terms of reality (implementation or feasibility). The objective modality organically linked to the category of time and differentiated on the basis of a temporary certainty-uncertainty.
The value of time and reality-unreality merged; the complex of these values is called objective-modal values.
Subjective modality – This is the speaker's attitude to reported. Unlike the objective modality it is an optional feature. The semantic scope of subjective modality is much wider at semantic level than objective modality. Semantic foundations of subjective notion of evaluation forms modality in the broad sense, including not only the logical (intellectual, rational) qualification being reported, but also different kinds of emotional (irrational) reaction. The evaluation characteristic values are values that combine the expression of subjective attitude to reported that its characteristic which can be subjective. [3,56]
The Modalities include :

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  contrasting statements by the nature of their communicative;
  
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  gradation of values in the range "reality-unreality";
  
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  varying degrees of confidence speaking in confidence emerging in his thoughts on the validity of;
  
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  various modifications between subject and predicate.
  

It is important to note that the modality is the grammatical, lexical, at intonational level, in areas of expression in General, and has various modes of expression, it is expressed in various grammatical and lexical means: special forms inclinations; Modal verbs (e.g., can, should the Russians: in English: must, can); other modal words (for example, the Russians: it seems, perhaps; English: perhaps, likely); intonational means. Different languages grammatically different express different meanings of modality. So, the English language expresses the value of the unreality method using a special inclination of Subjunctive II; for example: If you had come in time, we should have been able to catch the train. [3,81]
V.V. Vinogradov, in his study of "Russian grammar "was the notion that the sentence to reflect the reality of its practical public awareness, is attitude to reality, so the sentence with the diversity of its type is closely related to the category of modality. Each proposal includes, as an essential a constructive sign, the modal value, that, contains a reference to the relation to reality. He was of the opinion that the category of modality is one of the major, Central language categories in various forms are seen in the languages of the different systems. V.V. Vinogradov also pointed out that the content of the categories of modality and its form of discovery is historically volatile. The semantic category of modality in the languages of the different systems has mixed the Lexico-grammatical in nature. In the languages of the system it covers the entire fabric of speech. [3,107]
In the definition of the O.s. Ahmanovoy states that modality can have several meanings, one of which is reliability.
Sentences differ in purpose, emotional colouring, as well as on the degree of the truth or falsity of the information enclosed is for reliability. In contrast, declarative and interrogative sentences, which are differentiated by the subjective modalities, incentive deal with verb-framed in the imperative tense do not vary in the degree of reliability of transmitted content. In this sentence the word is not a confidence, and the intensity of motivation: “Perhaps do it together.” So we have three similar structures, three levels, each of which has its own falsehood truth and its uncertainty. Level of categorical statements decreases as we move from knowledge to belief, and then to the area of uncertainty.
So, we can conclude, on the basis of the research into this problem, that in any section of the speech it can be observed using a variety of modalities. The differences in ways of expressing this category relate in part to internal differences within its sintaksiko-semantic features in its functional-semantic substance. Facts and their relationship, as the content of speech, can be conceived as reality and validity of speaking as an opportunity or desirability, as imperative or need. The problem of description of modal words that express evaluation of reliability of statements repeatedly attract the attention of researchers. The author creates any work (art, nonfiction), using the personal vision of the world, the diversity of their language and culture, to produce the impact on the reader.
As in the term paper we consider such means of expression of reliability reported as modal verbs. Further it is necessary to give their characteristic.