Measuring student knowledge and skills
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measuring students\' knowledge
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- Definition of the domain
READING LITERACY
In OECD/PISA, the term reading literacy is understood in a broad sense. Since comparatively few young adults in our societies have no literacy skills, the framework does not call for a measure of whether or not 15-year-old students can read in a technical sense. It does reflect, however, contemporary views about reading. These views hold that students, upon leaving secondary school, should be able to construct, extend, and reflect on the meaning of what they have read across a wide range of continuous and non-continuous texts commonly associated with a variety of situations both within and beyond the school doors. Definition of the domain Definitions of reading and reading literacy have changed over time in parallel with changes in soci- ety, the economy and culture. The concepts of learning, and particularly of lifelong learning, have expanded the perception and requirements of reading literacy. Reading literacy is no longer considered an ability only acquired in childhood during the early school years but is instead viewed as a progressive set of knowledge, skills and strategies which individuals build on throughout life in various contexts and through interaction with their peers. Cognitive views of reading literacy emphasise the interactive nature of reading and the constructive nature of comprehension (Bruner, 1990; Dole et al., 1991; Binkley and Linnakylä, 1997). The reader gener- ates meaning in response to text by using previous knowledge and a range of textual and situational cues that are often socially and culturally shared. While constructing meaning, the reader uses various proc- esses, skills, and strategies to foster, monitor and maintain understanding. These processes and strate- gies are expected to vary along with the situation and the purpose as readers interact with a variety of continuous and non-continuous texts. Two recent international reading literacy assessments (the International Association for the Evalua- tion of Educational Achievement’s Reading Literacy Study – IEA/RLS; and the International Adult Literacy Survey – IALS – undertaken jointly by Statistics Canada and the OECD) have also emphasised the func- tional nature of reading. IEA/RLS defined reading literacy as: “ The ability to understand and use those written language forms required by society and/or valued by the individual.” IALS also accentuated the functional nature of reading literacy and particularly its potential in indi- vidual and societal development. Its definition focused on information rather than on language forms. Reading literacy was defined as: “ Using printed and written information to function in society, to achieve one’s goals, and to develop one’s knowledge and potential.” These definitions of reading literacy focus on the reader’s ability to use written or printed texts for purposes required by society or valued by individuals to develop their knowledge and potential. The definitions go beyond simple decoding and literal comprehension and imply that reading literacy incor- porates both understanding and use of written information for functional purposes. These definitions, |
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