Measuring student knowledge and skills


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measuring students\' knowledge

… written texts…
The words “written texts” are meant to include those texts – printed, hand-written, or displayed elec-
tronically – in which language is used. These include visual displays such as diagrams, pictures, maps,
and tables or graphs, but do not include film, TV, animated visuals, or pictures without words. These vis-
ual texts can occur either independently or be embedded in continuous texts. Written texts also include
those in electronic format, even though some of those may be different from written texts in structure and
format and may require different reading strategies. It is expected that electronic texts will be used in
future survey cycles but will not be included in this cycle because of considerations of time and access.
The term “texts” was chosen in preference to the word “information” used in the IALS definition because
it was thought that the latter term did not adequately incorporate literature.
… in order to achieve one’s goals, to develop one’s knowledge and potential, and to participate in society
This phrase is meant to capture the full scope of situations in which reading literacy plays a role, from
private to public, from school to work, to lifelong learning and active citizenship. “To achieve one’s goals
and to develop one’s knowledge and potential” spells out the idea that literacy enables the fulfilment of
individual aspirations – both defined aspirations such as graduating or getting a job, and those less
1. While the assumptions underlying the definition of reading literacy are commonly understood throughout partic-
ipating countries, specific words do not exist in some languages. To show that the intended meaning of this sec-
tion of the document can be translated into other languages without changing the underlying meaning of the
term “reading literacy” or the assumptions that have been made about its definition, translations of this section
have been developed and are available from the OECD/PISA web site: http://www.pisa.oecd.org.



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