Measuring student knowledge and skills


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measuring students\' knowledge

SCIENTIFIC LITERACY
An important life skill for young people is the capacity to draw appropriate and guarded conclusions
from evidence and information given to them, to criticise claims made by others on the basis of the evi-
dence put forward, and to distinguish opinion from evidence-based statements. Science has a particular
part to play here since it is concerned with rationality in testing ideas and theories against evidence from
the world around. This is not to say that science excludes creativity and imagination, which have always
played a central part in advancing human understanding of the world. Ideas which sometimes appear to
have “come out of the blue” have been seized upon by a mechanism which Einstein described as “the
way of intuition, which is helped by a feeling for the order lying behind the appearance” (Einstein, 1933).
Which ideas are “seized upon” at a particular time has depended historically upon their social accepta-
bility at that time, so that developments in scientific knowledge depend not only on the creativity of indi-
viduals but also on the culture in which they are proposed. But once the creative leap is made and a new
theoretical framework for understanding has been articulated, then it has to be followed by painstaking
testing against reality. As Hawking (1988) has written:

A theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements: it must accurately describe a large class of observations on the
basis of a model that contains only a few arbitrary elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of
future observations” (Hawking, 1988, p. 9).
Theories that do not meet these requirements – or cannot be tested – are not scientific theories and
it is important for an educated citizen to be able to distinguish between the kinds of questions that
can be answered by science and those which cannot, and between what is scientific and what is
pseudo-scientific.

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