Measuring student knowledge and skills


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measuring students\' knowledge

Concept and content
Concepts enable us to make sense of new experiences by linking them to what we already know.
Scientific concepts are those which help to make sense of aspects of the natural and made worlds. Scientific
concepts are expressed at many different levels, from the very broad labels of biological, physical, earth
science, etc., under which they are presented in schools, to the long lists of generalisations such as often
appear in statements of standards or curricula.
There are many ways of grouping scientific concepts to help the understanding of the scientific
aspects of the world around. Sometimes concepts are labels indicating the range of characteristics that
define a particular group of objects or events (“mammals”, “acceleration”, “solvent”); of these there must
be several thousands. Concepts can also be expressed as generalisations about particular phenomena
(the “laws” or theorems of physics or chemistry), of which there are many hundreds. They can also be
expressed as major scientific themes which are more widely applicable and easier to operationalise for
assessment and reporting purposes.
OECD/PISA uses four criteria for determining the selection of scientific concepts to be assessed:
– The first of these is relevance to everyday situations. Scientific concepts differ in the degree to
which they are useful in everyday life. For example, although the theory of relativity gives a more
accurate description of the relationships between length, mass, time and velocity, Newton’s laws
are more helpful in matters relating to the understanding of forces and motion encountered
every day.
– The second criterion is that the concepts and content selected should have enduring relevance to
life throughout the next decade and beyond. Given that the major assessment of science is
planned to take place in the year 2006, the first cycle of OECD/PISA will focus on those concepts
likely to remain important in science and public policy for a number of years.
– The third basis for selection is relevance to the situations identified as being ones in which scien-
tific literacy should be demonstrated.
– The fourth criterion is that the concepts should require to be combined with selected scientific
processes. This would not be the case where only recall of a label or of a definition was involved.



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