Microscopic and Mesoscopic Traffic Models
Safety-Distance or Collision-Avoidance Models
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Safety-Distance or Collision-Avoidance Models Safety-distance models are also
known as collision-avoidance models, since their basic relationship indicates a safety distance between vehicles in order to avoid collisions. This is specified by the so- called Pipes’ rule, stating that a good rule for following another vehicle at a safe distance is to maintain a distance that is at least the length of a car for every ten miles an hour (i.e. 16.1 km/h) of speed [ 7 ]. This rule can be mathematically expressed as follows: D n (t) = L n 1 + v (t) 16 .1 (5.2) where D n (t) is the prescribed headway between vehicle n − 1 and vehicle n. In alternative, ( 5.2 ) can be expressed as D n (t) = L n 1 + v (t − T ) 16 .1 (5.3) if the reaction time T is taken into account. Safety distance models differ from GHR models since they assume that drivers react to spacing with respect to the preceding vehicle, rather than to the relative speed. This idea was elaborated in [ 31 ], where the proposed model assumes that each vehicle always tries to keep the minimum safety distance from the preceding vehicle, defined as x(t − T ) = αv 2 n −1 (t − T ) + βv 2 n (t) + γ v n (t) + d (5.4) 5.2 Microscopic Traffic Models 119 where α, β and γ are model parameters, whereas d is the minimum allowed spacing between subsequent vehicles. Models implementing the same philosophy are those presented in [ 10 , 32 , 33 ]. Yet, the most widely used safety-distance model is the Gipps model [ 34 ], which is the car-following model implemented in the well-known traffic simulation software Aimsun (see Sect. 5.2.4 ). The Gipps model assumes that any vehicle tends to travel at the speed which allows to avoid a rear crash if the vehicle performs an emergency braking. Despite presenting several advantages, the Gipps model has the limitation that the following vehicle can only travel exactly at the safe distance with respect to the preceding vehicle, which is clearly unrealistic. More realistic safety-distance car-following models overcome such limitation by better defining the safe distance, for instance, as a function of the relative speed between the leading vehicle and the follower, such as in [ 35 ]. Download 0.52 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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