Microscopic and Mesoscopic Traffic Models
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Fig. 5.6 Sketch of a single cluster
5.3 Mesoscopic Traffic Models 133 ∂ P(n, t) ∂t = w + (n − 1)P(n − 1, t) + w − (n + 1)P(n + 1, t) −[w + (n)P(n, t) + w − (n)P(n, t)] (5.24) where w + (n) and w − (n) are the attachment rate and the rate of vehicles leaving the cluster when it has size n, respectively. These rates can be considered as constant values and expressed as w + = q, w − = 1/τ, where q is the traffic flow before the cluster and τ is the characteristic time needed to the first vehicle in the cluster to leave it and to go out from its downstream boundary at a distance approximately equal to the headway distance in the free-flow state. On the basis of the balance equation ( 5.24 ) and the Fokker–Planck approximation to calculate mean first passage times or escape rates, it is possible to determine the dynamics of the traffic pattern formation and, specifically, the time in which the traffic conditions vary from free-flow to congested, including the influence of the parameters affecting the discharge and adhesion rates. The single-cluster case can then be extended to consider the presence of several clusters of different sizes [ 98 ]. It is in this case necessary to model the dynamics of all the sizes of the clusters and to make the transition rates of the attachment and detachment of individual vehicles to a cluster consistent with the empirical obser- vations in real traffic. To this end, the analogy with first-order phase transitions and nucleation phenomena in physical systems (like supersaturated vapour) is exploited. In order to make a comparison with real measurements, the results are repre- sented with a Fundamental Diagram of traffic flow (i.e. the steady-state flow–density relation), and, then, compared with empirical data. It is also possible to analyse dif- ferent traffic conditions (free-flow, congested mode and heavy viscous traffic) and to include on-ramp effects. Download 0.52 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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