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Journal on Education Volume 05, No. 04, Mei-Agustus 2023, pp. 14990-15002 E-ISSN: 2654-5497, P-ISSN: 2655-1365 Website: http://jonedu.org/index.php/joe Speech Style Analysis: Sociolinguistic Perspective Lala Nining Indrawa 1 , Siti Danti 2 , Taufiq Kurniawan 3 1,2,3 Institut Studi Islam Sunan Doe, Jl. Soekarno Hatta, Rumbuk, Kec. Sakra, Kab.Lombok Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat. taufikurniawan14@gmail.com Abstract The prompt development of English has formed a new perception that English should be the language of daily life. Diverse studies have been carried out to extend knowledge about the language itself with the various methods used. The researcher, in this context, aims to examine the speech style used by the main actor and the racial conflict that happened in the movie of “Freedom Writer”. The researcher uses a socio-linguistic approach to get a better understanding of the context of the speech and the speech style that is used according to the context. The film was based on a real story that happened in the united stated. The film was released in 2007. The researcher found a variety of speech style that was used by the main actor in the movie. The most dominant speech style used in the film is “Formal Style”. The formal style is used in an important and serious situation such as lectures, sermons, television newscasts, and some other occasions. The language style that is rarely used in this film is the “Frozen” style because the style is used in certain literature. More complexed discussion in this movie regarding racial issues were also further discussed. Keywords: Speech Style, Racial Conflict, Movie. Abstrak Perkembangan bahasa Inggris yang sangat pesat telah membentuk persepsi baru bahwa bahasa Inggris harus menjadi bahasa kehidupan sehari-hari. Berbagai penelitian telah dilakukan untuk memperluas pengetahuan tentang bahasa itu sendiri dengan berbagai metode yang digunakan. Peneliti, dalam konteks ini, bertujuan untuk mengkaji gaya tutur yang digunakan oleh pemeran utama dan konflik rasial yang terjadi dalam film “Freedom Writer”. Peneliti menggunakan pendekatan sosio-linguistik untuk mendapatkan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang konteks tuturan dan gaya tuturan yang digunakan sesuai dengan konteksnya. Film ini diangkat dari kisah nyata yang terjadi di Amerika Serikat. Film ini dirilis pada tahun 2007. Peneliti menemukan ragam gaya bicara yang digunakan oleh pemeran utama dalam film tersebut. Gaya bicara yang paling dominan digunakan dalam film adalah “Formal Style”. Gaya formal digunakan dalam situasi penting dan serius seperti ceramah, khutbah, siaran berita televisi, dan beberapa kesempatan lainnya. Gaya bahasa yang jarang digunakan dalam film ini adalah gaya “Frozen” karena gaya Bahasa tersebut hanya digunakan dalam sastra tertentu. Pembahasan yang lebih kompleks dalam film ini terkait isu rasial juga dibahas lebih lanjut. Kata Kunci: Gaya Bahasa, Konflik antar Ras, Film. Copyright (c) 2023 Lala Nining Indrawa, Siti Danti, Taufiq Kurniawan Corresponding author: Lala Nining Indrawa Email Address: taufikurniawan14@gmail.com (Jl. Soekarno Hatta, Kec. Sakra, Kab. Lombok Timur, NTB) Received 31 March 2023, Accepted 6 April 2023, Published 7 April 2023 INTRODUCTION As an international language, English is particularly valuable to be studied. In the modern world English become more and more important and almost all country encourage their society to speak it. The reason is to adapt with the international society and to come up in life (Nishanthi, 2018). However, leaning the second language can be daunting task for the students because they have to get used to the new things and language is not merely about delivering the information. Language speaking complex, it is more than just deliver information or idea, but it encourages the speaker to combine various skills, knowledge, and processes that take account of the contexts of production, and result in speech that is culturally and socially relevant, appropriate, and comprehensible to their interlocutors, as well as managing micro-level reactions and responses to what they utter (Burns, 14991 Journal on Education, Volume 05, No. 04, Mei-Agustus 2023, hal. 14990-15002 2017). However, the leaners of foreign languages find a lot of difficulties and problem especially in speaking (Suryanto & Sari, 2020) because speaking ability is not only about mastery of grammar but also need the accuracy and clearance in producing the words, phrases, or sentence by sentence in the speech of information (Menggo, Suastra, Budiarsa, & Padmadewi, 2019). To understand the language comprehensively, the speakers need to understand the discourse analysis. discourse analysis occupies in applied linguistics has come about because it enables applied linguists to analyses and understand real language data”. The language data that applied linguistic analyses can be either written or spoken, and one thing they have learned through the analysis of discourse is that spoken language is no less structured than written language (Rodríguez-Vergara , 2018). The development of linguistic has an important role in teaching English. It is valuable for students to know and study the linguistic to reflect their choice, Kasper in (Arghashi & Gorjian, 2018). Modern linguistics differentiates two types of stimuli in the development of a language related to the features of its system: a. internal or social markers that influence its development; b. external or functioning of the language (Hristova, 2021). Furthermore, external function the language is closely relate to sociolinguistic which learn the relationship between language and the impact to the society. Hristova also mentions that the successful flow of communicative process depends on the three conditions: a common need and interest in receiving and transmitting information; a common topic of conversation; and a common language. Cities and towns in particular, which show the highest density of signs that expose in shopping streets, commercial and industrial area had been the focus of linguistic landscape research to observe the interaction of different cultures, languages and identities (Wang, 2021). In addition, the researcher will focus on the speech style used by the main actor of the film namely “Freedom Writer”. People have a different style of speech and style can change depend on the circumstances and the addressed. They ways of someone deliver the statement are able to indicate how the one conveys the information. Speech style refers to the one’s style or appearance of language that used and it consider to be the most important in the current aspect of sociolinguistic (Theodoropoulou, 2020). The speech style of someone is also distinction from other, it because of the sex, age, social status, circumstances, and occupation and people do not talk in the same way in the different time. It also can be controlled during the conversation such as tone of voice, choosing words and it is influenced by the social factors. In general, speech styles can be divided into two features of speech styles based on gender or language and gender, namely male speech styles and woman speech styles (Sinurat, Herman, Marpaung, & Sihombing, 2021). Furthermore, in the massive development of technology, variety of communication cannot be separated by the media. We can see that many media such as TV program that present speech style as the means to share idea or giving information to their audience or readers. In this modern world, movie play major role in society’s lives because of people like watching movie. However, not all of people understand about the form or the function of language that used there. Sometimes people do Speech Style Analysis: Sociolinguistic Perspective, Taufiq Kurniawan, Siti Danti, Lala Nining Indrawa 14992 not care about the form or the function of communication used in the movie. Common people believe that the important is interesting story or not, or they watch film because of the actors or actress who plays in that movie. In this current research, the writer decides to analysis the speech style of the female teacher in the movie namely “Freedom Writer”. Freedom Writers Movie based on a true story, Freedom Writers which debuted on the big screen in 2007 gives a strong impression of how fundamental the role of education is. The story centers on the experience of Erin Gruwell (Hilary Swank) and her students at Woodrow Wilson High School, Long Beach, USA in 1990s.s. The idea for the film came from journalist Tracey Durning, who made a documentary about Erin Gruwell for the ABC News program Primetime Live. This film is very educational, because we can see the struggle of a teacher who is considered less capable and belittled by his fellow teachers. Even her husband left her in the midst of her struggle to save her student. besides that, in this film there are several races, ethnicities, and cultures. The main actor of the movie is Erin Gruwell (born August 15, 1969), an American teacher known for her unique teaching method. She created the Freedom Writer Methods, a progressive teaching philosophy and curricula designed to achieve excellence from all students. She maintains a steadfast commitment to the future of education, and her impact as a change agent runs deep. By fostering an educational philosophy that values and promotes diversity, Gruwell transformed her students' lives. she encouraged them to re-think rigid beliefs about themselves and others, reconsider daily decisions, and ultimately re-chart their futures. Present researcher extraordinarily excited to conduct the research about the speech style and the movie of “Freedom Writer” is an object of the study. Conducting the research in this field is critical. There certain reason why the present researcher chooses this film as the object of research. The first, author is keen on watching this movie because the problem solving is interested. The sacrifice of a teacher to encourage the student studying. In addition, story in the movie is taken from the reality that can be happened anymore in different circumstances. Furthermore, it is also important movie to watch, it is still relevant with the current issues such as racial conflict both in local and in international is still exist. The movie also shows us the moral value that people have to care each other both black and white people. The speech style that used by main actor is significant to study, because it proper with the context. The last but not least, factors that influence the use of speech style by the main character is important. The research hopes can find an example of racial conflict and language variation, especially in speech style topic. Furthermore, language style in the context of real life is prominent. Knowing the style of language used by someone will help the listener to understand the context of the conversation so that it can be easier to catch the message that the speaker is trying to convey. Using the proper speech style when conveying something can emphasize what the speaker is saying (Wodak, 2015). The study of language style is very useful for non-native speakers so that they not only understand the language through what is conveyed but are also assisted by the style of language used. 14993 Journal on Education, Volume 05, No. 04, Mei-Agustus 2023, hal. 14990-15002 This study aims to find out the types of speeches style are used and the factors that influence the main character in “Freedom Writer” movie. Speech Style Speech style is means to sharing the idea or the way to transmit information to the audience or the viewer. Speaker can choose the suitable style which it can help the speaker speak more effectively. According to Joos in (Erick Trio Putra, 2019) says that speech style means the form of language used by the speaker which is influenced by the social factors. Ways of speaking can determine who they are and the style of speaking can bring its own effect. It is highly important to consider the speech style. In addition, speech styles can be divided into two features of speech styles based on gender, namely male and woman speech styles, Baxter in (Setiawan & Kuntjara, 2018). When discussing about female style, it does not merely refer to women but female speech style is referring to the speaker who has the cultural tendencies of being a woman. Baxter further explain that there are three major goals of female speech styles namely: to build a relationship, to co-operate, and to express feelings. On the other hand, (Wang, 2010) demonstrated different speech styles between men and women in conversations within public contexts. The research shows that differences of conversations in public contexts revealed as in amount of talk, turns or turn-taking, interruptions and topic choice based on conversation analysis, questionnaire and interview. In the statistical analysis, men are found to contribute much more talk than women do in their interactions with women. It is men who always violate the turn-taking model and take more turns in order to take control of the conversations. Relate to the definition of style, (Weda & Fadhilah Sakti, 2020) explain formality of spoken and written language into six levels: (1) Frozen, the style is frequently used in particular literature. (2) Formal, it is used in an important and serious situation such as lecture, sermon, television newscasts, and some other occasion. (3) Consultative, it is used by a speaker that provides explicit background information of his or her because the hearer may not understand for what the speaker says. (4) Casual, it is used in relax or normal situation. (5) Daily Interactions, it is used in a conversation among friends and family. (6) Intimate, it can only exist in a completely private language between individuals with a close personal relationship, such as families, lovers, and the closest friends. In conclusion, the present researcher will analyse all the speech style that used by the main actor of the film. Furthermore, the style of speech can be defined as the various ways of speaking in order to interact with one another within the society. The style of speech can also transfer various messages and it also presents specialized ‘ways of speaking,’ that are recognized (and, usually, named) by the speech community as appropriate for use with certain categories of interlocutors or in certain situations (Goddard & Wierzbicka, 2015). Thus, the listeners have to know speakers‟ style of speech because it will make them easier to get those messages. Language and Society Speech Style Analysis: Sociolinguistic Perspective, Taufiq Kurniawan, Siti Danti, Lala Nining Indrawa 14994 Language and society are closely intertwined in complex way and many linguists say that it is inseparable. Many people discuss about language, they actually discuss about a quite complex subject, and language is complicated (Buddhism, 2018). The reason of the above statement is because when people use language, they can use it to produce new meanings. Moreover, language is complicated, it is influenced by various factors such as gender, socio-politic, geographies, social status or educational mobility or social class it-self (Woschitz, 2019). Out of context that the language as a tool of communication, At the level of sociocultural evolution of the language as a fundamentally new quality of self-organizing systems, it serves as a conductor of cultural meaning. As a universal means of mental reality representation and thinking foundation, language reflects the world, subjecting it to its own organization and context of human life, creating reality, structuring it instead of just describing, according to Sapir-Whorf‘s principle of linguistic relativity: language determines the reality, and the words do not describe, but create the world that is defined by Foucault in (Ivankina & Anikina, 2015). What already defined by the experts. It clearly opens our mind to learn deeper about the horizon of knowledge relate to the language. as the world changes and the rate of travel of people moving from one place to another has an influence on the development of increasingly varied languages. The study about the relation between human activities and language must be go on. Racial conflict Racism has been a long issue but still exist up to now. In the United States where the movie of “Freedom Writer” is released; racism became a crucial issue since slave and colonial era. Before the Revolution, human slaves are bought and sold in all American colonies. Society distinguished races in different ways. They are separated in education, public facilities, employments, governments, housing, and so on. They are also judged by others by their colour of skin, wealth, and physical appearance. In Long Beach, California, there is also a racism issue that became a crucial problem in the neighborhoods especially in the school. There are many gangs from different races which have conflicts. It is because they have a different perception about their America and they have a negative perspective about white people as the superior race. Furthermore, has variety meaning due to it simultaneous and has been many defined by the sociologist. The present research reflects the racism in to three aspects, attitudes, culture and structure. Attitude in this term reflect to the mental condition of individual, which affect and reflect their behaviour. These mental conditions come from individuals’ unconscious their conscious evaluations of some objects. By culture, it refers to many kinds of scheme which humans make sense of the world, including themselves, all of which affect the social of group membership. By structure, it refers to both (1) the immediate circumstances of individuals and (2) the broader world that humans make sense of the social relations to which they are oriented and that are oriented toward them, particularly those that reproduce themselves even against the desires of the actors involved, both of which differentiate life chances and lived experience (Shiao & Woody, 2021). 14995 Journal on Education, Volume 05, No. 04, Mei-Agustus 2023, hal. 14990-15002 The United States of America is a nation where many people from different cultural backgrounds can be found. Racism in America has been dominated by a settler society of religiously and ethnically diverse Whites. The heaviest burdens of racism in the country have historically fallen upon Native Americans, Asian Americans, African Americans, Latin Americans, American Jews, Irish American and some other immigrant group and their descendants. White Americans occasionally do experience racial discrimination since other groups have less economic and social power. It is uncommon that such discrimination has the power to seriously harm whites. As studied by (Bucholtz, 2022) racism affects not mere individual psychological experiences but social, material, political, and racialized phenomena that can uphold or challenge white supremacy. White affects wield guns, build walls, segregate cities, defund schools, redraw voting districts, and create racist educational policies (and racist street signs). Racism is fundamentally affective rather than rational, and thus it is not simply material self-interest that supports racism but the affective investment in whiteness that compels white people to cling to white supremacy at all costs. In this respect, racist discrimination can be defined as “based on or motivated by a false assumption or perception of the existence of human races” and as “motivated by national belonging or membership (in terms of ancestry/descent, nationality, citizenship, legal norms, geographical origin, sometimes visible from specific or perceived physical features), ethnic-cultural belonging or membership (in terms of ancestry/descent, religion, beliefs, language, traditions), and social belonging or membership (in terms of socio-economic background and/or migrant status)” (Klein, 2018) . METHOD This study employs the descriptive qualitative. It is considered as descriptive qualitative research as this study will be conducted by looking at the fact in the film and analysed by looking at the theory which has been applied in the particular area of study (Nassaji, 2015). In essence, descriptive qualitative means that it attempts to collect data by describing or telling what has been found in the true field without any treatment. Therefore, the future finding of this study will be a descriptive opinion based on the result of the analysis of the object discussed and sorted systematically. This study is also using the sociolinguistic approach to analyse the speech style of the main character (Erin Gruwell) in the movie of “Freedom Writer” to suit it with the context. The source of data to be analyzed is coming from the movie of freedom writers. This movie will be downloaded from the university movie that tells the audiences of how the effort of woman teacher successfully teaches unlawful students in Woodrow Wilson High School, Long Beach, USA in 1990s.s. she teaches. To collect the data, the researcher watches the movie, makes note and identifies the script in depth which containing language styles, and analyzes the data. The data of language styles are taken from the conversation in the movie. The source of data as basic analysis is focusing on woman teacher utterances to her students and discussion a lot about the conflict using sociolinguistic perspective. Speech Style Analysis: Sociolinguistic Perspective, Taufiq Kurniawan, Siti Danti, Lala Nining Indrawa 14996 RESULT AND DISCUSSION Result Speech style used by Erin Gruwell In this part, the researcher discussed about the result from finding. Based on Joos in (Suryadi & Setiawan, 2013) there are five speech styles which is used by the characters such as frozen style, formal style, consultative style, casual style and intimate style. Moreover, form those kinds of speech styles, there are some styles which are often used by the characters, and they are consultative and casual style. Frozen style For this speech style, the researcher did not see the main character (Erin Gruwell) frequently used it. However, it happened a lot in the conversation between Eva and prosecutor which is occurred in the court, the participants actually did not use too complex sentence in asking or saying something, but in this situation requires high formality in speaking. So, it can be said as a frozen style because there is no close relationship between the participants and this conversation occurred in the court which the prosecutor has higher status than the other participants as seen in the table 1 below. Table 1. Frozen Speech Style Conversation Analysis Prosecutor: and you have a clear view of defendant, Grand Rice, in the store? Erin: I told you he was playing the game. The conversation was similar with the formal style. However, the characteristic of the conversation was prominent to the frozen style where the sentences was not the complex sentences. It also supported to be frozen style because of the circumstances where it happened in the court where the participants usually have high skill and also it needs to be carefully planned before uttered, so it must be belonged to frozen style. Formal style Formal style is a kind of speech style that can be seen when the conversation needs high formality in speaking and based on the distant among the participants. The style usually used in the formal situation such as in the office or when meeting with the strange people. In the movie of “Freedom Writer” such style happened when Erin Gruel had conversation with Margaret as seen in the table two below: Table 2. Formal Speech Style Conversation Analysis Erin: Thank you. I brought my lesson plan. I’d love it if you look them over. Margaret: Yes, and these are the classes you’ll start with. Freshman English four classes, about 150 students in all classes. The conversation above indicates in formal style because Erin gives short responses like “All right” to answer Margaret’s statement. This situation also shows between Margaret and Erin no proximity as a Download 0.62 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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